3 
life.” In Ireland it is likewise common and resident; but, according to Thompson, it suffers 
greatly during cold weather, and is then even occasionally driven for food to the streets of 
the towns. 
It has, Professor Reinhardt writes (Ibis, 1861, p. 6), been once recorded from Greenland, 
whence Dr. Paulson received a specimen in 1845; but Dr. Reinhardt himself never saw it in 
that country. In Iceland it is, according to Professor Newton, ‘“‘common on low grounds over 
the whole country, arriving at the end of April and leaving in September;” and Mr. H.C. Miiller 
speaks of it as being extremely common in the Feroe Islands. In Scandinavia it is likewise 
numerous ; and in Norway, according to Mr. Robert Collett, “its range extends from the most 
southern parts of the country up to the North Cape. But as during the breeding-season it is 
only found on the great heaths and moors; it never occurs during the summer season in the 
valleys of the southern parts, but only on the fells above the conifer-growth in the birch-belt, 
where it breeds in immense numbers. On the coast, however, as well as in the northern parts, 
it breeds at all heights in localities destitute of tree-growth. In spring and autumn it visits in 
large flocks all the southern lowlands.” In Sweden, Professor Sundevall writes (Sv. Fogel. p. 39), 
“it occurs as far north as the willow and dwarf birches grow;’ and I met with it in every part 
of Finland I visited, and am informed by Professor Malmgren that it is common even up into 
Northern Lapland. In Russia it occurs in the extreme northern governments, as I possess 
specimens from Mezen; and Mr. L. Sabandeff informs me that it breeds commonly in the Govern- 
ments of Jaroslaf and Moscow, as also in that of Tamboff. It is more common in Northern 
Russia; but, according to Daniloff, it breeds in the Government of Orloff; and Kessler records it 
from Kieff, where, however, it is not numerous. Sabanieff himself records it as common in the 
Ural, and especially numerous during migration. It is, Mr. Taczanowski informs me, extremely 
numerous in Poland, and appears to be equally so throughout the whole of Germany, where it 
is chiefly a migrant, leaving, however, very late in the season, and returning early in the following 
spring; but some few remain over the winter, especially during mild seasons. Hintz says that it 
is becoming rarer in Pomerania, owing to the meadows being regularly mown during the nesting- 
season, and it is consequently disturbed when incubating. Kjzrbolling says(Danm. Fugl. p. 145) 
that it arrives in Denmark in March and leaves in October, or even as late as November, and is 
certainly the most common of all the Pipits. In Holland it is likewise a common bird, as also 
in Belgium and Luxemburg in the spring and autumn, nesting near Ostend; but, according to 
Baron De Selys-Longchamps, it does not breed in the central portions of Belgium, nor has it 
been known to do so in Luxemburg. Mr. Carl Sachse informs me that it is common near 
Coblentz, on the Rhine, arriving in March and leaving in October, but some few winter there. 
It occurs throughout France, where it is partly resident and partly migratory; and in Provence 
it is found during the winter, but only in very small numbers in the breeding-season; in the 
Eastern Pyrenees it is said to be resident. It occurs in Portugal, but whether rarely or other- 
wise I am unable to say. Dr. Rey obtained one there late in March. In Spain it is, as lam 
informed by Mr. Howard Saunders, common during the winter; and Major Irby writes to me 
that “it is very abundant on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar from October to the end of 
March.” 
Passing eastward I find it recorded by Bailly as abundant in Savoy on the spring migration 
i) 
oat 
