4 
lat. in Southern Lapland. I found it common in Southern Finland; and Mr. Sabandeff informs 
me that it is “very common in Central Russia, as also in the Ural, wherever the country is 
wooded; Hoffmann met with it in the extreme northern portions of the Government of Perm.” 
In Poland, the Baltic Provinces, and Northern Germany it is extremely common, in all suitable 
localities, during the summer season; and Hintz says that it is probably the commonest of the 
Pipits in Pomerania. Dr. E. Rey says that it is common in Saxony, arriving about the middle of 
April; and Mr. Carl Sachse informs me that it is very numerous near Coblentz, on the Rhine, 
arriving late in March or early in April, and occasionally as early as February, and he has heard 
its song on the 14th of that month. It leaves in September. It is likewise common in Denmark, 
arriving, Kjzerbolling says (Danm. Fugle, p. 147), about the middle of April, or often earlier, 
according to the state of the weather, and leaves again late in August or early in September. 
In Holland and Belgium it is common from April to September; and, according to Degland and 
Gerbe, it is abundant throughout the greater part of France between spring and autumn; but in 
Provence it is principally a visitor on migration, and it is only in the higher districts that any 
remain to breed. In Portugal, Professor Barboza du Bocage speaks of it as rare. But in Spain 
it appears to be common: Lord Lilford met with it there; and Mr. Howard Saunders writes 
(Ibis, 1871, p. 216) that it is “generally distributed from autumn to spring,” and he believes 
that some few breed in the high plateaux. Major Irby informs me that it only occurs near 
Gibraltar on passage, and is common in April, but he did not observe any during the autumn 
migration. Passing eastward, again, I find it very numerous in Savoy, where Bailly says it is the 
most numerous of the family from the end of March to October, after which it becomes very 
scarce. It is abundant in Italy on the spring and autumn migrations; and in some parts small 
numbers remain throughout the winter; some also breed in Lombardy and the northern provinces. 
In Sicily it is very numerous on the migrations, and many stop the entire winter; but it is not 
recorded by Doderlein as breeding there. In Malta, Mr. C. A. Wright speaks of it as “very 
common ; arrives in small flocks in spring and autumn, which soon get dispersed over the country. 
It departs in May, to return in September and October, a few passing the whole or part of the 
winter with us.” 
In Greece, Dr. Kriiper says, it is only met with during the two seasons of migration. 
Lindermayer records it as only rare in the Peloponnesus, and he never observed it on the islands. 
In Southern Germany it is tolerably common; and Mr. Seidensacher informed me that in Styria 
he found it common in April and October. In Bohemia, though formerly it used to be rare, it 
is now, Dr. Fritsch says, very common. I observed it in various parts of Wallachia and Bulgaria 
in April; and I have received several specimens from near Constantinople. Von Nordmann says 
that it breeds in the Crimea, Abasia, and Imeritia; but in the neighbourhood of Odessa it is 
merely a visitor during migration. Ménétries records it as common in the mountains of the 
Caucasus to an altitude of 8000 feet; and Dr. Kriiper says that it occurs in Asia Minor during 
passage. Canon Tristram writes (Ibis, 1866, p. 290) that in Palestine “it is a scarce bird, but 
occurs in the winter as well as in spring, though at the former period it was only obtained by us 
in the Jordan valley. It breeds in the north.” In Northern Africa it is common; and, according 
to Von Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 224) it is a tolerably rare winter visitant to Egypt. Hemprich 
and Ehrenberg found it in Nubia and Arabia; Lefebvre in September in Eastern Abyssinia, at 
