2 
with claw 0°72; the first three quills of almost equal length, the fourth rather shorter, the fifth 0-4 
shorter than the fourth, the elongated inner secondaries 0°2 longer than the fifth quill. 
THE present species is only known as a rare straggler from the Nearctic Region, where it is a 
common bird. It has been said to have occurred in Great Britain, but, I believe, on insufficient 
grounds; for, so far as I can judge, all the instances on record of the supposed occurrence of this 
bird refer to the various form of the Rock-Pipit. It has, however, certainly occurred in 
Heligoland; for Mr. Seebohm has compared the two specimens in the well-known collection 
of Mr. Gatke with the one I have figured, and pronounced them to be specifically identical. 
Beyond these two, however, I cannot find any undoubted instances of its occurrence in Europe. 
It is somewhat remarkable that it is found in Eastern Asia, and has hitherto escaped notice. 
Some time ago, when I wrote the article on Anthus cervinus, I was assured by Mr. Swinhoe that 
Anthus japonicus was certainly a distinct species, and was not, as was supposed by many authors, 
specifically identical with Anthus pratensis or Anthus cervinus; but I had not then had an 
opportunity of comparing specimens and of judging for myself. Mr. Seebohm, however, has 
lately compared examples from Japan, and has asked me to verify the result of his comparison ; 
and there can be no doubt that they are true Anthus ludovicianus. He has examples both 
from China and Japan, and also from the island of Urup, which is, I believe, off the coast of 
Kamtchatka. In America the present species is very generally distributed down into Central 
America, being common in many localities; and it inhabits Greenland, where, Professor Newton 
says, ‘‘it is supposed to breed not further south than 67° N. lat.” It is common in the northern 
portions of British North America in summer, and breeds numerously in Labrador. At the 
approach of winter it migrates southward, some wintering in the Middle United States, and 
others pushing on to Texas and Mexico. I found it numerous in New Brunswick in the spring 
and autumn; but I am unaware if it breeds there. Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway state 
(N. Am. Birds, i. p. 171) that “‘at different seasons of the year the Brown Titlark is found 
throughout the continent, and abundant for the time in the several parts of the country, chiefly 
frequenting the least-cultivated portions, and apparently preferring the sterile and least-attractive 
regions. It is one of the most extensively distributed of all our North-American birds, being 
found in immense numbers over the whole length and breadth of North America. Gambel met 
with them in large numbers in New Mexico and California; Richardson found them on the 
plains of the Saskatchewan; it is abundant in the Arctic regions from May to October, and is 
equally common on the coast of Labrador; Mr. Dall found it universal from British Columbia 
north. It is also found in Florida, Cape St. Lucas, Mexico, and Central America.” To this I 
may add that I found it common in Texas in December and January; and Mr. Salvin saw a 
flock near Duefas, in Central America, on passage, in February. 
I cannot say much respecting the habits of this bird from personal observation, having only 
seen it in New Brunswick, when it reminded me greatly of our common Meadow-Pipit. I used 
generally to find it on or near the salt marshes of the Musquash ; and when disturbed it would 
fly up with the same jerky flight as, and uttering a note like, our Titlark. Messrs. Baird, Brewer, 
and Ridgway say (/.c.) that it is “‘a bird of easy and beautiful flight, passing and repassing 
through the air with graceful evolutions, and, when moving to new localities, sweeping over the 
place several times before alighting. It also moves rapidly on the ground, and after the manner 
