4 
tts appearance about the 25th April, or from then to the early part of May, the males always 
arriving first, and is common from Skane to Lapland. In Dalecarlia it is numerous. Lowenhjelm 
observed it as far north as Lycksele and Quickjock; and it is numerous in the woods near 
Stockholm. In August it swarms in Southern Sweden on its passage southward; and by the 
middle of September all have left the country. In Finland it is tolerably common in the 
district of Kuopio, and has been met with as far north as Uleaborg. Mr. Sabandeff informs 
me that in Central Russia it is quite as common as J. grisola, but does not range so far to the 
north or to the south. In the Ural it occurs as far north as 57° N. lat., on the eastern slope, 
and is met with in the Bashkir birch-woods. I have no data respecting its occurrence in Poland ; 
but in North Germany it is in some localities by no means uncommon during the summer 
season, and, it would appear, is gradually increasing in numbers. Mr. W. Hintz says (J. f. O. 
1863, p. 415) that he first observed it in 1848, when he obtained its nest, but never used to see 
it during his rambles in Pomerania, except on the Baltic coast during migration. In 1865, 
however, he says, it had increased in numbers so much that within a radius of three fourths of 
a mile there were about thirty nests. Dr. Altum also remarks (J. f. O. 1865, p. 105) that, 
though years back it used merely to pass through Munster during passage, it now breeds there, 
and its nest has been found in the centre of the town. Mr. Passler remarks that in Anhalt it 
frequents the hilly as well as the level districts during the breeding-season. It breeds in Saxony 
and in the oak-forests of Nassau and other parts of Western Germany. When at Altenkirchen, 
in Rhenish Prussia, this last spring, my host Mr. Carl Sachse took me to an oak-grove where 
several pairs annually breed, and he informed me that during the long period of years he has 
resided in that country he has never but once, and then during passage, seen an old male in the 
full black plumage—and that all the males that breed in that vicinity wear a dress resembling 
that of the female, but rather darker in colour. When I was there the birds were paired, and 
had taken possession of their nesting-quarters; therefore in order to obtain specimens I shot 
three pairs, and found all three of the males (the sexes of which I personally verified by dissec- 
tion) very nearly resembling the females. I name this circumstance without being able to 
account for the fact that in one particular locality the males appear never to assume the fully 
adult dress; for Mr. Sachse assures me that he has frequently shot males in the grove in question 
and has never found them in any plumage except that worn by those which I shot there. I 
may add that I can find no difference between these birds and males from other parts of Europe 
which have not assumed the full plumage. 
In Denmark, according to Kjerbdolling, large numbers are seen on migration late in April 
or early in May, and again in August or September. A few remain to breed here and there, 
being most numerous in the Duchies and the south-eastern portion of Jutland. In 1848 about 
twelve pair bred in or near the Thyrsbek Park. 
In Holland and on the Island of Borkum the Pied Flycatcher is met with in considerable 
numbers during migration; and in Belgium also it is common on passage, and some few nest in 
- the Ardennes. In France it is not rare; and, according to M. Crespon, it is very numerous near 
Nimes, where it arrives late in April and leaves in September. Messrs. Degland and Gerbe say 
that it breeds near Boulogne and Paris. In the south of France it is very common. It occurs 
in Portugal; and the Rev. A. C. Smith says (Ibis, 1868, p. 438) that it is tolerably common in 
