2 
conspicué pallidé rufescente brunneo extis marginatis: tectricibus alarum majoribus ad basin cinereis, 
in parte apicali castaneis, vix rufescente cervino apicatis et nigro notatis: tectricibus minoribus castaneis 
nigro uotatis et albo apicatis: cauda saturaté fusco-cinered, rectricibus extis grisescente cervino margi- 
natis: guld et jugulo usque ad pectus nigris, plumis in parte imé vix cinereo apicatis: a maxillé inferiore 
ad latera juguli strié alba producté: corpore subtus griseo-albo, hypochondriis cinereo lavatis: abdomine 
et subcaudalibus vix cervino tinctis: rostro nigro: iride fusca: pedibus pallidé brunneis. 
2 ad. capite et collo supra pallidé brunneis: dorso sordidé brunneo, nigro et sordidé ochraceo notato, uropygio 
pallidé fusco-cinereo: cauda ut in mare picturata sed pallidiore: alis pallidioribus et brunnescentioribus, 
fascia alari rufescenti-albidaé : gula, gutture et corpore subtus griseo-albidis : rostro brunnescenti-griseo, 
mandibula carneo tincta et ad basin flavida. 
$ ad. ptil. hiem. pileo sordidiore et vix brunneo tineto, plumis castaneis in capite brunnescente cinereo mar- 
ginatis: gulee plumis pallidé cinereo apicatis: rostro ut in feemina colorato, sed vix saturatiore. 
Adult Male in summer (Constantinople). Crown and nape ashy grey; lores black; a broad streak on the 
sides of the head and crown, joining and broadening on the hind neck, chestnut-red; back dull 
chestnut-red, the feathers broadly streaked with black, and here and there lighter, margined with 
almost dull sandy ochreous; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull ashy grey with a faint 
brownish tinge; quills blackish. brown, externally margined with light reddish buff, broadly at the base 
and narrowly towards the tip, secondaries broadly margined with pale rufous; larger wing-coverts 
ashy at the base, chestnut on the terminal half, slightly tipped with warm buff and marked with black ; 
lesser wing-coverts chestnut-red, marked with black and broadly tipped with white; tail blackish grey, 
the feathers externally margined with light greyish buff; sides of the head and neck, below the chestnut 
band, white; chin and throat black; underparts greyish white, the sides of the breast and flanks washed 
with ashy grey; abdomen and under tail-coverts faintly tinged with buff; bill black; iris dark brown ; 
legs light brown. ‘Total length about 6:25 inches, culmen 0°48, wing 2:9, tail 2°38, tarsus 0°77. 
Adult Female (Hareskov, Denmark). Head, neck, and upper parts dull dusty brown, the head and hind 
neck uniform, a light stripe passes over and behind the eye to the hind neck; back marked with black 
and dull light ochreous buff; rump tinged with greyish; tail as in the male, but paler; quills as in the 
male, but paler; larger wing-coverts blackish brown, broadly margined with rufous buff; lesser coverts 
blackish, more narrowly edged, and tipped, with creamy buff; underparts pale ashy with a brownish 
tinge, darker on the flanks, and lighter on the throat and centre of the abdomen; bill brownish grey, 
the lower mandible with a fleshy tinge, and yellowish at the base; iris and legs as in the male. 
Adult Male in winter (Hareskov, Denmark, 7th January). Differs from the male in summer dress in having 
the crown duller and with a dusty brownish tinge, the chestnut colour on the head partly concealed 
by dull brownish-ashy edges to the feathers; the black feathers on the throat have also ashy tips; and 
the bill is coloured like the female, only rather darker, and not black as in the summer dress. 
Young. Resembles the female. 
TuHRoueHout Europe the House-Sparrow is very generally distributed almost wherever there are 
human habitations (except in the extreme north); for it follows the footsteps of man almost like 
a domestic animal, and where he fixes his habitation there the Sparrow also takes up its abode. 
In Africa it is resident in the northern portion of the continent ; and specimens from there are 
