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are frequently brought into the market." It is rare in Portugal, as stated by Professor Barboza 

 du Bocage. In Algeria, according to Loche, it arrives early in the winter, and leaves early in 

 February, in small flocks. In Malta, Mr. C. A. Wright records it as " rather rare ; but a few are 

 taken nearly every year in October and November." As regards its occurrence in Italy, Dr. Giglioli 

 remarks that it was very abundant near Pisa in the winter of 1863 ; and Savi says that some breed 

 on the mountains of Italy. According to Professor Doderlein it is not very common in Modena. 

 It passes periodically late in the autumn, and repasses in the spring, remaining a short time in 

 the woods on the mountains. A few descend on to the plains in severe weather ; others pass from 

 the Apennines towards the Romagna. It does not breed in Modena. In Sicily it is rare, 

 though more frequent in the interior than on the coast. Von der Miihle states that "in severe 

 winters it has been several times shot near Lamia, in Rumelia." Lindermayer likewise says that 

 it is found more numerous in the north of Greece in severe winters, whereas it is not found on 

 the islands in wintei*. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley write : — " Not uncommon in winter in many 

 parts of Turkey. One was shot in full summer plumage on April 1st at Kustendji." The late 

 Mr. Strickland met with it near Smyrna during the winter ; and Messrs. Dickson and Boss pro- 

 cured it at Erzeroom on March 31st. According to Professor von Nordmann, in the south of 

 Russia it is only found during migration. In October 1837, large flocks of this bird were seen in 

 the Crimea, in the gardens round Simpheropol, and the woods on the south side. Pallas says 

 that specimens from the Caucasus and Persia are larger in size. Herr H. Goebel also observes 

 that he found it in small flocks during migration, in February or March and October, at Uman, 

 in South Russia. 



Messrs. Dybowski and Parvex found it rare at Darasun, in Dauria, during migration ; and 

 the following note is given by Dr. Radde : — " In the south of Siberia the Brambling remains 

 occasionally during the summer, and breeds there. On the 16th of May 1859 I found it not far 

 from Tunkinsk ; and on the 14th of July 1855 I met with a family of them a few versts above the 

 village of Kotchirikowa, the young birds of which were fledged. The male then killed was in 

 moult, the crown being almost featherless. Only a few visit the high steppes of Dauria in 

 spring ; thus, for instance, a male was shot in the hedge of the kitchen-garden at Kulussutajefsk. 

 On the other hand, they were numerous during the autumn migration at the Tarei-Nor. On the 

 15th of August I only saw a few males, on the 16th only a female ; and on the 26th large flocks, 

 consisting of young birds of both sexes, arrived. On the 30th they increased in numbers, and 

 frequented the neighbourhood of the kitchen-garden. Later, when the night-frosts set in, they 

 took refuge at night in the high reeds which grew round the ponds. Here they remained till 

 the 11th of September; but then the large flocks were wanting, and I only saw stragglers up to 

 the 15th of September. In theBureja mountains the Bramblings followed the flocks of Thrushes 

 from the 7th to the 10th of September." Dr. von Middendorff says : — " I did not find this bird 

 in the Stanowoi mountains before the 23rd of May. From that time forward it was one of the 

 commonest songsters, and was also found on the south coast of the Sea of Ochotsk and on the 

 islands." Dr. L. von Schrenck states that, " contrary to what is the case in the western portion 

 of the Old World, in the far east of Asia the Brambling breeds in comparatively more southern 

 latitudes. Middendorff found it all through the summer in the Stanowoi mountains from the 

 23rd of May ; in the Amoor country it appears much earlier. I received a couple of males 



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