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Christiania in winter, especially when the mountain-ash berries are plentiful ; and large numbers 

 are brought into the markets for sale. It is usually seen in flocks of from 20 to 100 individuals." 

 I frequently saw it in Northern and Central Sweden during the winter, and also met with it on 

 several occasions in Finland, where, as elsewhere, it is sometimes numerous, and at others only 

 a few are seen ; but it never breeds in Finland proper. In Northern Russia it is very common, 

 and breeds near Archangel, as I have had its eggs sent to me from there. Messrs. Harvie Brown 

 and Alston (Ibis, 1873, p. 64) record it as a very abundant species in some localities in the 

 Archangel Government, but they only obtained it at Sujma. Sabanaeff only speaks of it as seen 

 during the winter migration in the Government of Moscow; but it must be very common in 

 Northern Eussia during winter, as I have seen large baskets filled with them in the frozen- 

 market at St. Petersburg, and have frequently found them served up as " ortolans," and eaten 

 them ; but I cannot say that they are as good for the table as many of the other small birds. 

 Throughout the whole of North Germany it occurs during the winter, but seldom in large 

 numbers. Mr. H. Goebel says (J. f. O. 1873, p. 9) that in severe seasons it is met with in 

 Courland ; and Meyer (Vog. Liv. & Kurl. p. 74) writes that " it visits Livonia annually, some- 

 times in very large flocks, as was the case in 1790, 1795, 1798, and 1803. It usually arrives 

 early in the winter, and frequently remains till the spring. In 1790 it arrived in October in 

 vast numbers, and remained until the middle of December ; and in the neighbourhood of Riga 

 thousands were caught daily." Herr von Homeyer speaks of it (J. f. O. 1872, p. 308) as being 

 an annual but rare winter visitant to East Prussia, and sometimes occurring in large numbers. 

 Borggreve (Vogelf. Nord-D. p. 74) speaks of it as occurring in the eastern portion of North 

 Germany at irregular intervals during winter, and says that, according to Boeck, it has often 

 occurred in Prussia; Gloger records it as occurring periodically in Silesia; Tobias and Schwartzer 

 as an irregular visitant to Lausitz and Posen ; Ratzeburg states that large numbers were snared 

 at Neustadt-Eberswald in about 1830; and Dr. E. Rey, in his notes on the ornis of Halle, says 

 that .Nitzsch examined two caught near Schlieben in November 1861. In Denmark it only 

 occurs during severe winters ; and I do not find it recorded from Holland • but it appears to have 

 occurred in Belgium, as Degland (Orn. Eur. i. p. 184) speaks of it as having been killed near 

 Charleville ; and Buffon says that it has been seen in Alsatia. 



It is, according to Degland and Gerbe, an accidental and rare visitant to France, where, how- 

 ever, it has been killed several times, both in Champagne and Provence ; and Roux (Orn. Prov. 

 p. 117) says that he has heard from trustworthy sources that it occurred in Provence in the 

 severe winter of 1820. I do not find any record of its having been met with in Spain or Por- 

 tugal ; and it appears doubtful if it has ever really occurred in Italy. Salvadori remarks (Ucc. 

 d' Ital. p. 162) that, though Bonelli speaks of it as occurring in Piedmont, he knows of no 

 authentic instance of its capture there, nor is there any Piedmontese-killed specimen in the 

 Turin Museum. It has, however, been met with in Southern Germany ; and Dr. A. Fritsch 

 records it (J. f. O. 1871, p. 309) as " a rare winter visitant to Bohemia. Koblik obtained three 

 old males on the 8th December, 1845, near Hohenelbe; and in 1846 it was common in the 

 months of September and October. According to Palliardi, numbers were met with at the foot 

 of the Riesengebirge in 1847; and Mr. Lokaj once found a specimen amongst Crossbills exposed 



