242 



marginatis, duabus extimis dimidio apicali oblique albis : remigibus nigro-fuscis, primariis extiis 

 anguste, secundariis latius ferrugineo marginatis : tectricibus alarum minoribus saturate ferrugineis : 

 corpore subtus albo, hypochondriis fusco striatis : rostro nigricante : iride fusca : pedibus fuscis. 



2 ad. ptil. test, minor mari valde dissimilis : capite rufescente, fusco-nigro maculato : supra oculos linea, 

 albida. : collo antieo albido, stria nigro-fusca utrinque decurrente juxta gulam et jugulum : pectore et 

 hypochondriis fusco striatis : corpore supra pallidiore. 



c? ad. ptil Mem. plumis nigris in capite et collo valde rufescente fusco marginatis, collo postico albo ochraceo 

 cinereo-lavato, pectore et hypochondriis cervino lavatis, et plumis in corpore supra conspicue griseo- 

 ochraceo marginatis : rostro saturate corneo, mandibula flavicante. 



Adult Male in summer (Archangel, 19th May) . Entire head deep black ; a white collar passes round the 

 hind neck joining the white on the breast ; a broad white stripe passes down from the base of the lower 

 mandible enclosing the black throat ; hind neck below the collar deep grey, marked with blackish ; 

 back blackish, the feathers bordered with ochreous and bay ; rump and upper tail-coverts iron-grey, 

 marked with blackish grey ; quills blackish, externally margined with ochreous bay, the wing-coverts 

 more broadly margined with richer grey, the lesser wing-coverts almost entirely rich deep bay ; under- 

 parts white, the flanks striped with dark grey, the black on the throat descending low, and forming 

 a pointed gorget on the breast; tail blackish, the central rectrices lighter and bordered with dull 

 ochreous, the two outer feathers on each side obliquely marked with white on the terminal half; bill 

 blackish brown ; iris brown ; legs dull brown. Total length about 6 inches, culmen 04, height of bill 

 at base 0"2, wing 3'3, tail 2'9, tarsus - 8. 



Adidt Female in summer (Smyrna, 27th March). Rather smaller than the male; crown and ear-coverts 

 reddish brown, varied with dark brown ; a white patch below the ear-coverts and a dull white line 

 over the eye ; throat dull white, the lower throat and upper breast striped with reddish brown and 

 blackish; a broad black line passes from the base of the bill down each side of the throat; flanks 

 striped with reddish brown ; upper parts paler than in the male. 



Adult Male in winter (Ismid, November). The black on the head is almost entirely obscured by broad 

 reddish brown margins to the feathers, and those on the throat by dull white; the white collar is 

 obscured by ochreous grey ; the breast and flanks are washed with creamy grey ; and the feathers on the 

 upper parts of the body have broad greyish ochreous margins, giving it a very pale appearance ; bill 

 dull horn, the lower mandible yellowish. 



Young in first autumn. Resemble the female, but are paler and duller in colour, and have the throat and 

 breast marked with dark stripes, the line over the eye is yellowish, and the sides of the neck are dull 

 ochreous, marked with brown. 



Throughout Europe generally the present species is widely distributed, breeding very far north ; 

 and in most parts of Europe, except in the central and southern districts, it migrates southward 

 at the approach of winter. At this season it visits North Africa, but does not range far into 

 that continent ; and in Asia it is met with as far east as Japan, and as far south as India. In 

 Great Britain it is very generally distributed and resident, and is found in every county where 

 there are suitable localities throughout England, Wales, and Scotland, being rather more 

 numerous in the last-named country in winter, its numbers being increased by arrivals, probably 



