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was not at all shy. The fact that it is so rare south of Norrland, in Sweden, goes far to confirm 

 Professor Nilsson's opinion that they migrate southward through Finland and Russia; for they 

 are numerous in Finland in the autumn and spring." According to Meves this species is numerous 

 at Archangel during the spring ; and Von Wright writes that it breeds in Northern Finland, 

 appearing in the southern districts in large flocks in the autumn and again in the spring, but 

 then more scattered. In Central and Southern Russia it is, as we are informed by our friend 

 Mr. L. Sabanaeff, exceedingly rare, and only accidentally met with. In the Governments of 

 Moscow and Jaroslaf a few are met with in the spring and autumn, but not every season. 

 Meshakoff records it from Vologda. It is, however, said to be exceptionally numerous in the 

 districts of Ekaterinburg and Schadrinsk, and may breed there. According to Eversmann it 

 is very common on the Kirghis steppes. It occurs but seldom in the Baltic provinces; and 

 Mr. Taczanowski informs us that it is one of the rarest stragglers to Poland. He only knows 

 of one instance of its occurrence, that of an adult male, captured in 1856 near Warsaw, and now 

 in the Museum there. 



In North Germany, according to Borggreve, it occurs during winter ; in Silesia it is often 

 seen (Gloger), also in Anhalt (Naumann), once it has occurred in Lausitz [Tobias), once in West- 

 phalia {Bolsmann), several times at Thorn, and once at Danzig (Boeck). It is a rare straggler to 

 Denmark, occurring during the winter season only ; and the same may be said regarding its 

 occurrences in Holland. According to Degland and Gerbe, it appears irregularly during the 

 autumn migration in France and Belgium, and is taken from time to time in nets near Dun- 

 kerque and Antwerp, the specimens captured being always young birds in their first winter's 

 plumage. Accidental in Luxembourg, according to De la Fontaine, occurring during severe 

 winters. In the autumn of 1824 it was observed near Thionville, and at Metz in 1788; and in 

 September 1833, Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye record two captures in Southern France. 

 It very rarely visits Southern Europe, and has hitherto not been met with in Spain or Portugal. 

 During severe winters it visits Italy, but its occurrences are extremely rare. Bailly writes that 

 it visits the smaller valleys of Savoy during the winter ; Savi says it is found in Piedmont ; and 

 Salvadori only records specimens from the north of that country — the central and southern 

 portions, as well as Sicily, being as yet unvisited by it. It has occurred in Austria ; and there 

 is, as we are informed by Herr von Pelzeln, a specimen in the Vienna Museum, which was 

 purchased in the Vienna market in December 1820. It does not appear ever to have straggled 

 south of the Mediterranean ; but to the eastward it ranges throughout Siberia down into China. 

 Dr. Gustav Radde only once met with this species in Southern Siberia, on the 8th (20th) of May, 

 1856, when he saw a flock of about fifty individuals on the Tarei-nor, and procured a pair. 

 Schrenck procured an old male on the 1st of September at the mouth of the Urutschi, on the 

 Upper Amoor; and Von Middendorff writes that the first arrived on the Boganida on the 27th 

 of May, and a few remained there to breed. On the 17th of June a nest containing five eggs 

 was found there ; and a month later fledged young were observed. On the Taimyr they appeared 

 in flocks on the 4th of June, but soon scattered and commenced breeding, and on the 25th of 

 June feathered young were found in a nest. Von Middendorff states that he found one nest which 

 appeared to be a second brood. In the south-east he shot this species at Aldan, on the 27th of 

 April, during migration. 



