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neighbourhood of Lisbon, such as Moita, Villa Franca, Benifica, Ruguengo, &c, where it affects 

 dry roads and delights to scuffle and preen its feathers in the dust. It is by no means a shy 

 bird, as it is often seen in village streets and on footpaths through much-frequented gardens, 

 when, on the approach of any one, it almost invariably walks a short distance with erected crest, 

 every now and then pretending to pick something up from the ground before it takes wing. It 

 does not congregate in flocks, and seldom mixes with other species of the same genus, but is 

 usually found in pairs." In Spain it is likewise common ; and from that country I have examined 

 a great variety of specimens, but consider that, though they vary somewhat inter se, all are 

 referable to the Common Crested Lark. Major Irby found it resident and very common in 

 Andalucia, and also observed it on the Rock of Gibraltar. Mr. Howard Saunders has lent me a 

 series of specimens from various parts of Spain for examination ; and I have often seen it near 

 Madrid. Passing eastward again, we find it, according to Bailly, rare in Savoy, where it is only 

 met with during the two seasons of migration, that country being probably too mountainous to 

 suit this species. Doderlein records it as abundant, especially near Catania and Modonia ; but, 

 curiously enough, it does not appear to occur in Sardinia ; for Mr. A. B. Brooke writes that " one 

 of the most remarkable points about the ornithology of Sardinia is the entire absence of this 

 bird, which has never yet been found in the island by any body ; and although I kept a sharp 

 look-out during the months of April and May, when large flocks of A. arvensis, A. brachydactyla, 

 &c. were constantly passing, yet I never saw a single specimen. I can hardly help thinking, 

 however, that a few at any rate must pass through the island, as they are so common all round 

 the neighbouring coasts." Nor has it been recorded from Malta by Mr. C. A. Wright, though 

 Schembri includes it as occurring there. It abounds near Pisa in winter, and is likewise common 

 in many other parts of Italy. Count von der Miihle states that it is not very common in Greece ; 

 but, according to Lindermayer, it is there " resident, and in many parts very common. It frequents 

 the roads, vineyards, and gardens, leaving the desert places to others of its congeners, and breeds 

 in the middle of April." Lord Lilford found it common at all seasons in Corfu and Epirus. In 

 Styria and throughout Austria, Hungary, and the Danubian Principalities I found it common ; 

 and Mr. Robson also records it as " very numerous in Asiatic and European Turkey, and widely 

 spread over mountains and large plains, both on cultivated and uncultivated ground. It is a 

 wild bird, and frequents bare, open grounds, and often feeds and runs on pathways ; it is partial 

 to sitting on stone walls and low buildings, and sometimes alights on trees. It is easily distin- 

 guished from the other Larks in flight. It congregates in small flocks in the winter, and is often 

 found feeding on barren hills, frequenting farmyards, and near buildings in the country. The 

 Crested Lark is not in request for eating ; and few are shot by sportsmen." It is common on the 

 coasts of the Black Sea ; and Professor Nordmann says that " it remains throughout the year in 

 the south of Russia, frequenting the neighbourhood of habitations, and avoiding the unequal soil, 

 being therefore wanting in the mountain-districts of Abasia." Mr. Leonida Sabanaeff writes that, 

 " though occasionally observed as far north as Moscow during the spring migration, it is chiefly 

 found in Central and Southern Russia; it breeds rarely in the Government of Tula, being 

 generally met with in the autumn, and then in large numbers ; but further to the south it is a 

 resident. The northern boundary of its range runs through the Governments of Kaluga, Tula, 

 Tamboff, and Saratoff. It is in general a bird of the black-soil districts, where it breeds and 



