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rufous as the bright rufous-tinged birds obtained by Canon Tristram at Lebanon ; one in particular, obtained 

 in May, and labelled Alauda cinnamomea, Bp., is identical with Canon Tristram's C. hermonensis. In several 

 of these specimens the black on the side of the neck is very fully developed. 



Italy. Two specimens from Genoa agree with typical examples ; one has a few small striations on the chest 

 similar to those in C. pispoletta, but the black markings on the sides of the throat are also well defined. 



Greece. One specimen, lent to me by Mr. Seebohm, is peculiarly dark and rufescent ; in measurements 

 it agrees with those from Turkey. 



Turkey. Seven specimens obtained in this country by Mr. Robson differ in no respect from typical 

 European examples ; one has the black on the sides of the neck very fully developed ; and another, a male, 

 killed in April, has the head washed with rufous, therein resembling Canon Tristram's specimens of so-called 

 C. hermonensis. 



Asia Minor. Seven birds obtained near Smyrna by Dr. Kriiper all agree with specimens from Turkey, 

 except that two males, shot in April, are more rufous in coloration, and agree precisely with examples from 

 Palestine labelled A. hermonensis by Canon Tristram. 



Palestine. Those obtained by Canon Tristram all belong to the variety described by him as C. hermonensis. 

 He not only obtained the present species but also C. minor, of which he has lent me two specimens obtained by 

 him at Beersheba, which, compared with Algerian examples, are rather paler, and on the back washed with 

 sandy rufous, the spots on the breast being more clearly defined. 



Egypt. Specimens from here agree very closely with those from Turkey ; and amongst the series I have 

 before me I do not see any that are marked with rufous like those from Asia Minor. 



North-west Africa. As with the Crested Larks, I find again a great variety of Short-toed Larks in this 

 part of Africa. Of the true C. brachydactyla I have one from Tangiers and another from Algeria, the latter 

 having the head slightly rufous, and otherwise approaching closely to the variety described as C. hermonensis. 

 Besides these I have before me seven examples of C. minor, three of which are labelled by Canon Tristram 

 C. deserti, the remainder being marked C. reboudia ; but I have carefully compared them with the type of 

 C. minor and have no hesitation in referring them all to that species. 



Persia. Eleven specimens obtained in Persia by Mr. Blanford and Major St. John agree closely with 

 Spanish and Asia-Minor examples ; several have the rufous head of the variety described by Canon Tristram 

 as C. hermonensis ; and others have the head greyish brown. 



India. Seven specimens, from localities mentioned below, agree precisely with Persian examples, except 

 in being slightly paler ; and two, having been kept in confinement, are somewhat abnormally coloured. 



So far as I can judge, there appear to be within the limits of the Palsearctic Region the following species 

 of Short-toed Larks : — 



1. Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisl.), the present species, which inhabits Southern Europe, Northern Africa, 



Persia, and India. 



2. Calandrella minor (Cab.), which inhabits Northern Africa, Malta, and Palestine; full particulars respecting 



this species are given in the last part of the present work, as also respecting 



3. Calandrella batica, mihi, which appears to be confined to Southern Spain ; 



4. Calandrella pispoletta, Pall., which inhabits South-Eastern Europe, Persia, India, China, and Siberia. 



5. Calandrella leucophcea, Severtzoff (Turkestanskie Jevotnie, p. 142). In Mr. Swinhoe's collection is a 



specimen of a Short-toed Lark collected in Turkestan by Mr. Severtzoff, and labelled by him C. leuco- 

 phcea, which appears to be a distinct species. I have also obtained one of these birds from Mr. Severtzoff 

 through Mr. Meves, and I saw one in the Berlin Museum which was obtained by Eversmann in the 

 Kirghis steppes. All these specimens agree inter se, and are of a peculiar light grey colour, looking 

 very much like very pale grey specimens of C. pispoletta, as they have signs of striations on the breast, 

 and the wings also resemble those of that species in having the inner secondaries very short. 



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