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fields, especially pastures." Messrs. Elvves and Buckley write (Ibis, 1870, p. 194) that, " according 

 to Mr. Eobson it is only a summer visitor to Turkey ; but we shot specimens at Athens in 

 January during a sharp frost, and in the Crimea in March. A Short-toed Lark flew on board 

 the steamer which took us to Kustendji from Odessa." 



From Asia Minor I have many specimens, collected near Smyrna by Dr. Kriiper ; and in 

 Palestine it is recorded by Canon Tristram (Ibis, 1866, p. 286) as a common summer migrant, 

 revisiting the central country late in spring, and not occurring in the plains or desert in the 

 winter ; but referring again to it under the name of C. hermonensis, he speaks of it as a per- 

 manent resident. 



It is met with throughout Northern Africa. A. E. Brehm, who divides the Short-toed Lark 

 of N.E. Africa into two species under the names of Melanocorypha brachydactyla and M. macro- 

 ptera, writes that it is " numerous throughout the whole of N.E. Africa. I observed it on the 

 17th of March, 1850, at Esneh, in Upper Egypt, and on the 18fh, 19th, and 20th between Esneh 

 and Assuan, migrating towards Europe — again on the 13th of November, on its return journey, 

 in Chartum ; on the 24th and 25th of November and 3rd of December I observed flocks of 

 several thousand individuals below Woled-Medineh, — and in 1851, on the 3rd and 4th of March, 

 near Kamlihn, in 15° N. lat., in immense swarms migrating northwards — on the 27th and 28th 

 of September at Wadi-Halfa — on the 20th of November on Sinai, in Arabia Petrsea, singly. In 

 1852 I saw it on the 9th of January at Fayoum, on the 23rd in Central Egypt, and from the 

 2nd to the 6th of March near the ruins of Thebes." Dr. Th. von Heuglin writes that "in 

 North-eastern Africa it is a migrant, and appears in the autumn early in September, usually in 

 large flocks, frequenting the fields, the desert lands, and the steppe. During the winter they 

 collect in enormous flocks at Kordofan, Senaar, and Takah, and in February and March migrate 

 northward in scattered parties or singly. In Northern Arabia and on the coast of Abyssinia it is 

 not rare during the seasons of migration." Mr. Blanford found it not uncommon on the shores 

 of Annesley Bay, but he did not meet with it in the highlands of Abyssinia ; and Captain Shelley 

 states that it arrives in Egypt in March, and is then met with in large flocks. It is found in 

 North-western Africa at all seasons of the year. Mr. Taczanowski observed it in the winter in 

 Algeria, where, he writes, it is rare, but is found to the edge of the desert ; in the spring it is 

 more common : and Canon Tristram states (Ibis, 1869, p. 422) that " many flocks occur in winter 

 in the neighbourhood of the oases and on the northern limits of the Sahara. It breeds abun- 

 dantly under the slopes of the Atlas, but not, as far as I am aware, in the desert." Mr. Salvadori 

 also (torn. cit. p. 315) says that it is " more local in its distribution than C. cristata, its range 

 being confined to a few favoured spots in the elevated plains. About Ain Beida it is abundant, 

 and throughout the great plain of El Tharf it may be commonly met with ; in the neighbourhood 

 of Djendeli it also occurs." Mr. C. T. Tyrwhitt Drake met with it on the open plains of Tangier 

 and Eastern Morocco ; and Mr. T. H. Chambers shot a specimen in Tripoli. Finally it is said 

 by Dr. Carl Bolle (Cab. Journ. 1857, p. 290) to occur on the Canaries, where it "is a resident, 

 and distributed over all the islands, at least, in Canaria and Teneriffe, where it is numerous, and 

 to be met with in every field near Santa Cruz, and inhabits not only the grain-country, but desert 

 places where the vegetation is poor." 



To the eastward it occurs throughout Persia, from which Mr. Blanford lately brought home 



