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flocks of them kept dropping in for about three weeks, when they all left us and went up on the 

 fells to breed. When in the lowlands they kept in small flocks on the bare patches of cultivated 

 land which the snow had left by the river-side ; and their habits were exactly the same as those 

 I watched on the coast of Scania in the winter of 1849-50. They were not at all shy, but very 

 restless, sweeping in small flocks just over the surface of the ground, uttering their feeble single 

 call-note. They never flew far, and soon pitched again." In Finland I have observed it during 

 the spring migration when travelling on the coast, and saw specimens as late as May in the 

 northern portions of the country. Von Wright says (Finl. Fogl. p. 196) that it occurs now and 

 then in spring and autumn near Helsingfors. In the extreme north, however, it is common 

 during the breeding-season ; and Professor Malmgren informs me that numbers breed on the 

 eastern side of the Russo-Lapp peninsula, near Ponoi, at the entrance to the White Sea. In 

 Northern Russia it ranges very far north, and is extremely common in the Government of Arch- 

 angel during the summer. Von Heuglin says (J. f. O. 1872, p. 116) that it is one of the com- 

 monest species on Novaja Zemlia (Nova Zembla) and Waigatch, but he is unable to say how far 

 north it occurs on that island. He observed and obtained it at Cape Silber, Widder Cape, 

 Tschirakina, and Kostin-Shaar. Mr. Sabanaeff informs me that he believes it breeds in the 

 Government of Jaroslaf, in Central Russia ; and it is, he says, numerous near Moscow during 

 migration ; and he likewise found it common in the lowlands on the eastern slope of the Ural 

 during the two seasons of passage. He informs me that it breeds in the Perm Government, 

 where, however, it is rare. In Germany it is a rare and irregular winter visitant. Naumann 

 speaks of it (Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 152) as being rare in Silesia ; and in Central Germany, he says, 

 "it is one of the rarest species. There are only instances of its occurrence near Berlin, in 

 Thuringia, Baireuth, Hessen, near Strasburg, and even in Switzerland. Only chance ever brings 

 them to us. That they are very rare in Germany is proved by the absence of specimens in 

 almost all private collections ; and the larger ones get them from North America or Siberia." 

 Dr. Hellman (J. f. O. 1855, p. 181) records it from Gotha; and Dr. Altum states (J. f. O. 1863, 

 p. 118) that one was killed near Gimbte, in Miinsterland, late in January 1861. In Denmark it 

 is rare, and Kjserbolling records only four instances of its occurrence in that country. Baron 

 von Droste Hiilshoff states that two specimens were obtained on the island of Borkum, off the 

 Dutch coast, by Ahrens, in April 1868 ; but I do not find it recorded from Holland. 



Messrs. Degland and Gerbe say that it is a rare straggler to Belgium and Northern France ; 

 and Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye speak of five or six instances of its occurrence in 

 Provence. I do not find it recorded from Spain or Portugal ; but it appears to have straggled 

 down into Italy. According to Count Salvadori (Ucc. d'ltal. p. 134) a specimen was, Savi states, 

 obtained in October 1829, at Friuli; one was obtained in the Turin market, in October 1869; 

 two were obtained in the Veronese territory ; according to Giglioli (Ibis, 1 865, p. 58) two were 

 sold in the Pisa market in January 1864 ; and Professor Achille Costa informed Count Salvadori 

 of a recent occurrence near Naples. It is a winter visitant to Southern Germany. Dr. Anton 

 Fritsch (Vog. Eur. p. 119) states that at that season of the year it regularly visits Hungary and 

 Silesia ; and the Ritter von Tschusi-Schmidhofen informs me that Professor Jeitteles observed it 

 near Olmutz, in Moravia, in the winter of 1865. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley (Ibis, 1870, p. 195) 

 say that in Turkey Mr. Robson met with it in winter in the hills, where, however, it is not 



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