437 



PYRRHOCORAX GRACULUS. 



(RED-BILLED CHOUGH.) 



Coracia, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 3 (1760). 



Coracia cristata, Brisson, torn. cit. p. 6 (1760). 



Corvus graculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 158 (1766). 



Corvus eremita, Linn. torn. cit. p. 159 (1766, ex Briss.). 



Gracula pyrrhocorax, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 42 (1769, nee Linn.). 



Corvus docilis, S. G. Gmelin, Reise durch Russl. iii. p. 365, pi. 39 (1774). 



Le Crave ou le Coracias, Montbeillard, Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 1, pi. 1 (1775). 



Graculus eremita (Gm.), Koch, Baier. Zool. i. p. 91 (1816). 



Coracia erythrorhamphos, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. viii. p. 2 (1817). 



Fregilus graculus (L.), Cuvier, Reg. Animal, i. p. 406 (1817). 



Pyrrhocorax graculus (L.), Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 122 (1820). 



Pyrrhocorax rupestris, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 175 (1831). 



Fregilus europceus, Lesson, Orn. p. 324 (1831). 



Frigilus erythropus, Swains. Classif. of Birds, ii. p. 268 (1837). 



Fregilus himalayanus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 125. 



Fregilus graculus, var. orientalis, Dybowski, J. f. O. 1868, p. 332. 



Fregilus graculus, var. brachypus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 383. 



Chough, Cornish Chough, Bed-legged Crow, English ; Crave, French ; Steinkrahe, Steinrabe, 

 German ; Grajo, Jucala, Spanish ; Klushitza-grion, Bortevschik, Russian. 



Figuroe notabiles. 

 D'Aubenton, PI. Enl. 255 ; Werner, Atlas, Omnivores, pi. 12 ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. taf. 28. 

 fig. 4; Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. taf. 57. fig. 2; Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 219; id. B. of 

 G. B. iii. pi. 62 ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 137. 



Ad. coracino-niger, corpore supra chalybeo nitente, alis et cauda, supra violaceo-chalybeo nitentibus : rostro et 

 pedibus rubris, unguibus nigris : iride fusca. 



Juv. adulto similis sed colore obscuriore, pedibus et rostro sordide rubescenti-aurantiacis nee rubris. 



Adult Male (Islay, Scotland, November 1867). Entire plumage jet-black, glossed, more especially on the 

 upper surface of the body, with steel-blue ; upper surface of the wings and tail more richly glossed with 

 steely violet ; iris brown; beak and legs vermilion red, the former almost coral -red ; claws black. Total 

 length about 16| inches, culmen 2'0, wing 10'9, tail 5 - 5, tarsus 2"07. 



Female. Undistinguishable from the male in size or plumage. 



Young. Resemble the adult, but are duller in colour. Mr. J. Lumsden, jun., informs me that he has had 



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