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the Fseroes, where it has been obtained on three occasions by Mr. H. C. Muller. In Scandinavia 

 it is common. Mr. R. Collett sends me the following note respecting its range and habits in 

 Norway : — " The Jackdaw breeds in portions of Eastern Norway up to the borders of Nordland 

 (in 64° N. lat.) ; in the southern districts it is only seen during passage ; and along the west 

 coast, north of Stavanger it is at all times very rare, and only stragglers are met with. It is 

 chiefly to be found in the lower parts of Romerige, Hadeland, Hedemarken, as well as, north 

 of the Dovre, in the districts bordering the Trondhjemsfiord, as for instance in the Vserdale, &c. 

 Further north it is never seen, as it finds no suitable breeding-places. It arrives in February or 

 early in March together with the Starling, and leaves in October or November ; but during mild 

 winters many flocks remain not only in the southern districts, as for instance Smaalenene^ 

 Stavanger, &c, but even in the outer portions of its range. Thus in 1864 large flocks were 

 seen at Trondhjem in January and February; and in 1870-71 many wintered on the northern 

 shores of the Trondhjemsfiord, and frequented the fields near the sea-coast. It breeds in 

 colonies in the old wooden churches, and in hollow trees. Close to the town of Lillehammer, on 

 the north shore of the Mjosen Lake, I never found its nest except in trees, especially in aspens, 

 where it made use of deserted Woodpeckers' holes. It lays with us four, five, or even six eggs 

 early in May ; and so far as I know it never breeds in towns in Norway. Specimens which I 

 have dissected in the early spring had their stomachs filled with barley and wheat." Mr. Meves 

 informs me that it breeds in most of the provinces of Sweden, especially where old towers, 

 churches, and ruins are found, but it also breeds in hollow oaks and aspens. He never observed 

 it further north than Helsingland ; but, according to Westerlund, it ranges on the coast as high 

 as 63°-64° N. lat. Numbers breed in the Upsala Cathedral, and in the ruins of Calmar and 

 Bergholm Castles, where I have also seen it. In Finland, Von Wright writes (Finl. Fogl. p. 75), 

 it is " found in the southern portion of the country ; but during winter and in the spring indi- 

 viduals wander some distance, and it is then seen far in the interior, as, for instance, at Kuopio." 

 I used to see it often at Wiborg, in Southern Finland, during the summer I remained there. In 

 Russia it is extremely common, at least as far north as Archangel, where it breeds in all the 

 church-towers. Mr. Sabanaeff informs me, however, that in the Ural it does not range far north, 

 and is somewhat rare in the Pavdinskaya Dacha, but in the southern portion, especially in the 

 Bashkir birch-woods, it is very common. I found it common in all parts of Russia I have visited, 

 " especially in the towns ; and Mr. Meves informs me that he found it everywhere breeding in 

 the houses and frequenting the farmyards, and adds that in harvest-time it does great damage 

 to the crops. In the Government of Olouetz he observed flocks of thousands in the fields where 

 the wheat was in stooks ; and all the exposed ears were cleared of grain. In the South-east Ural 

 it was equally numerous. I should certainly say that it is a resident in Russia and the Baltic 

 provinces ; for I have seen it in the summer, and found it exceedingly numerous in St. Petersburg 

 and Moscow during the coldest portion of the winter ; but Borggreve states that in the eastern 

 portion of North Germany it is merely a summer visitant, though in the west it is resident. In 

 Denmark it is, as a rule, a resident, though during severe winters it migrates, doubtless owing 

 to the scarcity of food. Baron von Droste Hulshoff states that on the island of Borkum it only 

 occurs during passage in October and March ; but in Holland it is, Mr. Labouchere informs me, a 

 common resident, frequenting, as in England, the church-towers and ruined buildings. In Belgium 



