526 



it is resident and very abundant ; and in France it a resident in some parts, and a migrant in 

 others, but is somewhat local and rare in the south, except towards Savoy, where it arrives in 

 flocks in the autumn, but very few breed there. 



Professor Barboza du Bocage includes it in his list of the birds of Portugal ; but Dr. E. Rey 

 states (J. f. O. 1872, p. 145) that he only observed it in one place in that country, viz. in a 

 valley which runs from the Villa do Bispo towards the Atlantic, where it was numerous. In 

 Spain, Mr. Howard Saunders says (Ibis, 1871, p. 221), "I found this a very local species. 

 Though abundant in the Cotos, where it breeds in hollow trees, I never saw it again till 1869, 

 when I noticed a pair near Aranjuez." Colonel Irby also states (Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 128) that he 

 never saw it anywhere except in the Coto del Rey, near Seville, where, late in April, he found it 

 breeding. It is found in Italy, where in some parts it is abundant, though local, whereas in 

 others, as, for instance, in Modena, Piedmont, and Venetia, it is somewhat rare. In Sicily and 

 Sardinia it is common ; and Mr. C. A. Wright states it is a resident in Malta, being most 

 numerous in the southern and south-western parts where the cliffs are rugged. 



In Southern Germany it is common, and resident in every part. Dr. Fritsch remarks, it 

 is singular that in the Polica country albinoes occur regularly, and that Hromadko has obtained 

 these white varieties several years in succession. I observed it in Styria, in some parts nume- 

 rous ; and it is stated to occur generally in the countries bordering the Danube. In Greece it 

 is common, though somewhat local. Lord Lilford found it common in the summer in Epirus, 

 and only occasionally saw one during the winter months ; but Dr. Kriiper writes that it winters 

 in Greece and Asia Minor in large flocks, and when those which arrive from the north leave 

 Greece, in February or March, the birds which breed there take possession of their nesting- 

 haunts. In Macedonia, in Thessalonica and the adjacent villages, it frequently nests under the 

 eaves. Lindermayer also says that it is resident, and very numerous in some parts, inhabiting 

 the southernmost islands in the Greek archipelago. He met with it on the island of Eubcea, in 

 Northern Samia, and in the Peloponnesus. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley write (Ibis, 1870, p. 190) 

 as follows : — " The Jackdaw is about the commonest bird in Macedonia, every house and village 

 being tenanted by a large number. They are never molested by the natives, and are conse- 

 quently very tame ; but if the least notice is taken of them, or a shot fired, they alter their 

 habits at once, and become as wary as an old Magpie. Every evening the Jackdaws from the 

 whole plain of Salonica used to assemble in large bands and fly to a great roosting-place in the 

 impenetrable marshes of the Karasmak river. The numbers there must be something extra- 

 ordinary ; for we found that the Jackdaws from every place where we stayed at in the country 

 left at night for the same roosting-place, in some instances thirty miles away. The collared race 

 is found in Bulgaria, the Crimea, and up the Danube into Servia ; but in Greece we saw none 

 at all." 



In Southern Russia it is common, and is, Dr. Radde states, especially numerous in the 

 Crimea. Dr. Kriiper says that it is a resident, and is numerous in Asia Minor; and Canon 

 Tristram met with it in Palestine. " It resorts," he writes (Ibis, 1866, p. 65), " in great numbers 

 to the Mosque of Omar in Jerusalem ; but these are the only two very large colonies we observed. 

 It occurred elsewhere, but not in great numbers. I shot one near Nazareth, and saw a few at a 

 ruined temple, Thelthathah, near Hermon. It may thus be looked upon as rather local. In the 



