532 



Young. Resembles the adult, but duller in colour, lacking the purplish gloss which pervades the plumage 

 of the adult. 



Obs. The present species being the last of the Crows of which I shall have to treat, I take the opportunity 

 of making a few remarks respecting its allies ; and in so doing I omit the Jackdaws, as I shall treat of 

 them in the article on the common Jackdaw ; nor do I include the various species which have not the 

 plumage black, or nearly black, as they are easily distinguishable by the different coloration of plumage. 

 The numbers given are those in Mr. G. R. Gray's well-known ' Hand-list.' 



6181. Corvus cor ax, L. This species, the true Raven, having the neck-feathers lanceolate, is tolerably 

 widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and America, but does not occur in Africa. 



6182. C. thibetanus, Hodgson, is C. corax, L. 



6183. C. nobilis, Gould, and 



6184. C. carnivorus, Bartr., are also C. corax, L. 



6185. C.japonensis, Bp. (Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 386, 1850). Resembles our European Raven, but is smaller, 

 has a shorter wing, and the chin and upper throat are only covered with lanceolate feathers, which are 

 short ; the feathers on the neck are very soft in texture, like those in the American Crow. It inhabits 

 Eastern Siberia and Japan. Culmen 2 - 7-3'0 inches, height of bill at base 1-0-1-15, wing 13'0-14 , 1, tail 

 8-8-9-5, tarsus 2-3-2'4. 



6186. C. sinensis, Gould, MS. (Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co.'s Mus. p. 556, 1856). Of this species I 

 have examined one specimen from Eoochow, in the collection of Mr. R. Swinhoe, which agrees closely 

 with his C. colonorum, and with examples of C.japonensis, except that it is smaller than the latter. 

 Judging from the specimens in the collection of Mr. Swinhoe, lent to me for examination, the three 

 forms (C.japonensis, C. sinensis, and C. colonorum) run into each other, the first being the largest and 

 the last the smallest : thus the specimen of C. sinensis, from Foochow, measures — culmen 2 - 7 inches, 

 height of bill at base 0-9, wing 12'5, tail 9'2, tarsus 23 ; whereas a specimen labelled by Mr. Swinhoe 

 C. colonorum, measures — culmen 2 - 5 inches, height of bill at base 09, wing 12 - 2, tail 8 - 6, tarsus 2 - 2. 

 Excepting in size these three forms do not differ from each other. 



6187. C. culminatus, Sykes (P. Z. S. 1832, p. 96). Resembles C. corone, L., but is somewhat larger, and 

 has a larger bill, and not so slender as that of C. corone, and the feathers on the sides of the neck are 

 softer. A specimen from Java, in Mr. Swinhoe's collection, one from Lombock, in that of Canon 

 Tristram, and two from the Andamans, in Canon Tristram's, and one in Mr. Swinhoe's collection 

 agree closely with a specimen in my collection from Sikkim ; and I cannot, after a careful examination, 

 find any specific distinction. There is a trifling difference in the bill, as all these have the edge of the 

 upper mandible the merest trifle more arched than in the Sikkim specimen. I do not find in the Java 

 specimen that the down is white instead of grey, as noted by Schlegel (Corv. p. 9). Mr. Swinhoe's 

 Lombock specimen measures — culmen 2-5, height of bill at base - 85, wing 12 - 3, tail 7 - 5, tarsus 2 - 3; 

 and those from the Andamans measure — culmen 2*4, height of bill at base 088, wing 1T7-13'6, tail 

 7-5-8-0, tarsus 2-1-2-15. 



6188. C. macrorhynchos, Temm. (apud Wagler, Syst. Av., Corvi, no. 3). Between this and C. culminatus I 

 am unable to distinguish any specific difference. 



6189. C. major, Vieill. This species is founded on Levaillant's plate (Ois. d'Afr. pi. 51), which certainly 

 represents C. corax, but I greatly doubt if it was taken from an African-killed specimen. 



6190. C. sinualus, Wagl. (Isis, 1829, p. 748). This Raven is probably the common American Raven, which, 

 as above stated, is identical with our European bird. It may, however, be well to transcribe Wagler's 

 original description, as follows : — " Rostro maximo, maxillse tomiis sinuatis, patulis, extrorsum flexis : 

 narium parte postica solum pilis obtecta : cauda conica ac tota reliqua ptilosi atris purpurino reniten- 



