54; r 



Skellefte, and possibly further up the coast. In Finland I found it common in every part of the 

 country ; and it is equally numerous throughout Northern Russia, and, so far as I can ascertain, 

 also in the Baltic Provinces and Poland. It is found in Northern Germany ; and, according to 

 Borggreve, the ranges of the present species and Corvus corone are to some extent divided by the 

 Elbe ; on the east side the former is found breeding, and on the west side the latter. In the 

 localities where C. corone is met with breeding (as for instance in the Rhine territory and 

 Westphalia), C. comix is a regular winter visitant. In Oberlausitz (fide Tobias), Anhalt 

 (Baldamus), the left side of the Elbe, north of Magdeburg (Borggreve), and the right side, 

 south of Schwerin (v. Preen), both species are found breeding. According to Gloger, specimens 

 intermediate between the two are rare on the boundary of their ranges; but Von Preen and 

 Tobias state that hybrids and all intermediate stages are common. Count C. Wodzicki found 

 it common in the woods near villages in Polish Galicia ; but it does not go up the mountains to 

 any great altitude. Mr. Carl Vangerow (J. f. O. 1855, p. 185) speaks of it as being common in 

 Brandenburg, frequenting the woods in summer, and the towns and villages in the winter. It is 

 said by Mr. R. Blasius not, as a rule, to breed in Brunswick, but only to pass the winter there ; 

 and Dr. E. Rey informs me that " it breeds but rarely near Halle, in Saxony, but is common 

 in the Dessau territory, where, again, it is rarer during the winter than in the former locality." 

 Pastor Jackel (J. f. O. 1854, p. 488) records it as numerous throughout the winter in Bavaria, 

 arriving there early in October, and he saw one there as late as the 4th of May. It is common 

 in Denmark, and in the parts of Germany bordering on the North Sea, as also in Holland. In 

 Belgium it is found from October to March ; but Baron de Selys-Longchamps remarks that it 

 is very partial to certain districts, whereas others, apparently similar, are scarcely visited by 

 it. In Luxemburg and, according to Degland and Gerbe, throughout Northern France it is 

 abundant during the winter; but in Languedoc, Provence, and Dauphine it is of somewhat 

 rare occurrence. It is questionable whether it has occurred in Portugal ; and Mr. Howard 

 Saunders informs me that " in Southern Spain it seems to be rare, as I have only seen two 

 specimens, and in Catalonia and the Eastern Pyrenees only a few individiduals occasionally 

 make their appearance amongst the flocks of the black species. The Catalan peasants regard 

 it as a very old Crow, and call it Gorb calvo." Mr. A. von Homeyer records it, however (J. f. O. 

 1862, p. 252) as found in Majorca in scattered pairs, and he obtained its nest there at the end 

 of April. 



Passing eastward, again, I find it, according to Bailly, rare in Savoy, even during the time of 

 migration ; and none remain to nest in that part of the Alps. It is also rare in Switzerland ; but 

 M. Olph-Galliard (J. f. O. 1860, p. 234) records one as having been killed in the Canton 

 Freiburg. According to Savi and Salvadori this species is abundant and resident throughout 

 Italy ; and Bettoni figures it amongst the birds which breed in Lombardy. Doderlein mentions 

 its abundance in Modena, and adds that it is common and resident in Sicily, more especially in 

 the interior of the island. It does not appear to have been met with in Malta, as it is not 

 included in Mr. C. A. Wright's list of the birds of that island. It is, however, found in Greece ; 

 and Lord Lilford (Ibis, 1860, p. 135) records it as "an occasional winter visitor in Epirus," where 

 he "observed it near Prevesa in March 1857. Common on the coast of Albania proper in 

 December; abundant in Montenegro in August. Apparently quite unknown in Corfu;" and 



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