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Dr. Pansch says that the first were seen in August 1869, on Shannon, and late in September it 

 was seen on Walrus Island and at Cape Wynn. Late in January 1870 it was again seen on the 

 island ; and in April he saw several passing northward. In Iceland it is very numerous, and 

 resident. The pied variety which has been met with in the Faeroes occurs in Iceland also. 



In the Faeroes it is, Captain Feilden says, abundant, but not so numerous as he expected, as 

 the general possession of guns by the inhabitants, and the " Nsebbetold," or tax payable in the 

 bills of birds of prey, seems to have reduced their numbers. Throughout Scandinavia it is a 

 common bird, and is found up in the extreme north. Mr. Collett informs me that in Norway it 

 is most frequently met with in the coast-districts, where it breeds, from the Hvaloer up to the 

 Russian frontier, and is very numerous above the arctic circle, where it is everywhere sedentary. 

 In the interior it is, as a rule, rare, and is only seen in the lowlands during the seasons of 

 passage and in winter. It is rapidly decreasing in numbers. Mr. Meves informs me that " it 

 is found throughout Sweden and Lapland, and appears to be more numerous on the coasts 

 than inland. It builds either on lofty trees or in inaccessible cliffs, and lays from four to six 

 eggs very early in the season ; in Southern Sweden it lays as early as the end of February or the 

 beginning of March, in Blekinge early in March, and at Muonioniska, in Lapland, from the 15th 

 to the 24th April." I found it common both in Sweden and in Finland ; for in the former 

 country I have at different times observed it everywhere from Skane up to Tornea, and on the 

 Finnish side from Tornea down to St. Petersburg ; but as I chiefly travelled along the line of 

 coast, I cannot say much respecting its being common or otherwise in the interior. I saw it, 

 however, when travelling from Kuopio to Uleaborg in the interior of Finland. In Russia it 

 occurs in the high north, being numerous at Archangel, where it not unfrequently nests in the 

 houses ; and it was found by Hoffmann at the mouth of the Petchora. Mr. Meves writes to 

 me, " I met with it from St. Petersburg to Archangel, and also in the Perm Government down 

 to the South-east Ural, everywhere common. Here in Sweden it is a very shy bird, whereas in 

 Russia, like all corvine birds, it is extremely bold and fearless. In the Stockholm Museum we 

 possess a Raven which was shot near the town in October 1839 ; and on its lower mandible was 

 found a small copper plate, on which the date 1770 was engraved ; this plate was firmly fixed on 

 by means of two holes bored through it." Mr. Sabaniieff informs me that it is very common 

 throughout Central Russia, and is frequently found nesting in the church-towers. In the Ural 

 he likewise found it common ; but in the Bashkir birch-woods, on the eastern slope, it is rare. 

 On the coasts of the Baltic it is not uncommon. Mr. Goebel speaks of it as being by no means 

 rare in Curland, and says that he once saw thirteen together. I have frequently seen it in the 

 Baltic Provinces and on the Pomeranian coast ; and Borggreve writes that it is nowhere common 

 in North Germany, except in some parts of the Baltic coast in Pomerania, but where found it is 

 resident. Kjserbolling says that, although it can by no means be called rare in Denmark, it is 

 far from being common, and in some localities it is only occasionally met with. It appears to 

 shun the flat country and to frequent the rugged mountainous districts, especially places where 

 the woods are tolerably thick, and is therefore not very common in Holland, where it is a winter 

 visitant. It used, however, Baron von Droste Hulshoff says, to breed on the island of Borkum ; 

 but the nest having been several times destroyed, they forsook the island and are now only 

 observed there during winter. In Belgium it is resident in the forest-covered hills by the Meuse 



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