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it has not been known further north than Ehrenfels, in Wiirtemberg. In France it occurs in 

 the alpine regions, and is found every season in the mountains of Dauphine, Savoy, the Alps, and 

 the Pyrenees, and on its migrations is obtained in the intervening districts. In Portugal it is 

 by Professor Barboza du Bocage said to be common; and Dr. E. Rey (J. f. O. 1872, p. 142) 

 observed it near Villa do Bispo in April. In Spain, according to Mr. Howard Saunders (Ibis, 

 1871, p. 68), it arrives in March, and breeds in colonies in the mountains, notably near Alora. 

 Dr. Brehm met with it at Montserrat ; and Mr. A. von Homeyer observed it in the Balearic 

 Islands in the month of April, when they were migrating. The Alps appear to be the true home 

 of the present species in Europe; Dr. Girtanner says (I. c.) that there are colonies in all the more 

 lofty mountains of Switzerland, but it appears to be most numerous in Canton Wallis. He says 

 that in Freiburg, Bern, and Burgdorf, which are more distant from the mountains, it breeds in 

 the towers and other old buildings ; but this is not the case in towns near the mountains. There 

 are many colonies in the Swiss Alps. Tschudi refers to such colonies at Oberhasli, Gemmi, 

 Pletschberg, and in the rocks of the Entlibuch. Fatio says there are breeding colonies in the 

 Urbachthal, in Canton Bern, and in the Heremancethal, in Canton Wallis; and Dr. Girtanner 

 himself says that there are similar ones in Graubiindten, in the Appenzeller mountains, and in 

 the Sentisgebirg. In Italy it occurs in most localities where there are heavy rocks ; and in the 

 island of Sicily numbers breed every year, which are recruited by new arrivals during the seasons 

 of migration. Salvadori (J. f. 0. 1865, p. 130) says that many inhabit the mountains of Sardinia 

 during the summer, migrating southward in September. 



At Malta, according to Mr. C. A. Wright (Ibis, 1864, p. 58), it is " much less common than 

 its congener. A few are annually seen in spring and autumn ; but it makes no lengthened stay, 

 and does not breed here. Mr. Tristram and Mr. Medlycott found it breeding in the island of 

 Sardinia in May, in company with the Lesser Kestrel (Falco cenchris)." Lord Lilford says (Ibis, 

 1860, p. 234) that it " arrives in May in great numbers in Corfu, and remains till the end of 

 September. Several pairs breed annually in the citadel-rock." According to Lindermayer and 

 Von der Miihle it arrives in Greece in May, and is a common summer resident ; being considered 

 good for the table, great numbers are, Von der Miihle says, sold in the markets in Greece. 

 Dr. Kruper found it breeding on the island of Naxos ; and it appears to be generally a tolerably 

 common species on the rock-bound coasts of the Mediterranean during the breeding-season. 

 In Southern Germany it is rare; and my friend the Bitter von Tschusi-Schmidhofen informs me 

 that it breeds in the mountains of Upper Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol, Karnthen, Dalmatia, and in 

 the coast-regions, but is rare in Siebenbiirgen. When they arrive, and when they collect to 

 leave, they are met with for several days in the plains, and are also seen there during rainy 

 weather. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley say (Ibis, 1870, p. 200) that they observed several flying 

 round the tower of Galata, in Constantinople, in April ; and Mr. G. C. Taylor (Ibis, 1872, p. 230) 

 states that it was " abundant in the Crimea, breeding in the cliffs. They were constantly to be 

 seen flying in flocks over and about the camp ; near St. George's Monastery was a great resort 

 for them. Plentiful as they were, it so happened that I was never able to secure a specimen. 

 I also saw them at Koslou. In Constantinople they are common, and may be seen any summer's 

 day wheeling about the Galata tower." Von Nordmann says that it is numerous in the moun- 

 tainous portions of the Crimea as well as in similar localities on the eastern side of the Black 



