6 Physical Character of the Karens. [No. 1, 
Kai, or Kay is the name given them by the Bghais, but they never 
use it alone. They make three divisions of the tribe. 
Kai-kheu “ Upper-Kai,”’ often applied to the whole tribe. 
Kai-la ‘“ Lower-Kai.” 
Kai-pie-ya ‘‘ Kai’s people.” 
Gai-kho is the name which the Burmese give them in imitation of 
the Bghai Kai-kho. 
Pa-htoung is the name the Red Karens give them. 
Hashwie is a small tribe related to the Kay, and thus denominated 
by the Bghais. 
Hashu is the name they give themselves. 
Touneruu, or Lav. 
The Toungthus are related to the Pwos by their language. 
Toung-thu ‘is the name given them by the Burmese. 
Pa-au is the name by which they designate themselves. 
There is nothing to associate this tribe with the Karens but their 
language, excepting that the people have the appearance of being a 
Shan tribe. 
Suan Karens. 
The generic name that the Shans give the Karens in their own 
country is Yang, which is softened in Burmese into Yen, or Yein. 
Hence we have of the following Karen tribes is the Shan country of 
which we know little more than the names. 
Yang-lang, ‘‘ Black Karens.”’ 
Ying-ban. 
Yen-seik. 
Yein. 
Sok, or Tsok is the name the Shans give all the Karens that reside 
in the Burmese territories, without distinction of tribe. 
PrysicaL CHARACTERISTICS. 
Though the preceding tribes are one in language, they are scarcely 
one in anything else. They differ materially in their physical cha- 
racteristics. 
The Pwos and Toungthus, that usually mhabit the lowlands, resem- 
ble the Burmese, who inhabit similar localities, in their physical 
traits more than they resemble the Karens that dwell on the moun- 
tains. They area short muscular people with large limbs, larger than 
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