1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 91 
Srinuggur. These beds were near enough to enable me to ride to 
them in a few hours, and I soon found that they contained the same 
forms as were known to occur in the dressed blocks of limestone 
(obtained from Buddhist ruins) of which the river-walls and river- 
stairs of Srinuggur are built, and I also found the remains of one of 
the antique quarries near my favourite locality. Ultimately, the 
rocks reported to be nummulitic were found to be carboniferous, and 
the so-called nummulites, rings of Hncrinite-stems ; the volcanic rocks 
were also ascertained to be paleozoic in age and not intrusive. (See 
para. 53, where the Manus Bal limestone is described in detail.) 
To my friend, Captain Godwin-Austen of the great Trigonometrical 
Survey, I owe my best thanks. JI had wished that this paper 
might have been written in conjunction with that gentleman, and it 
would have been well for the reader, if it had been so; but as Capt. 
Austen went to Bhotan and I to Bunnoo, such a hope had to be 
abandoned. 
In drawing up the map, I have used for its topography whatever 
materials J could procure, but I have not had the benefit of many 
recent discoveries and surveys. The compilation was made from works 
of very different values. Kashmir, Hazara and the British Trans-Indus 
districts are, I believe, tolerably accurate; the Salt Range is less so ; 
whilst the Korakoram Chain, the Hindoo Koosh, Kaffiristan, Chitral, 
Kabul, etc. only lay claim to give a general outline and direction of the 
ranges, valleys and rivers. About the Hindoo Koosh, I much regret 
not having been able to avail myself of the maps of Kaffirstan lately 
published in the office of the Surveyor General of India. 
It may appear, on seeing how little of the Afghan mountains is 
geologically coloured, that there was no necessity of extending the 
map as far as the Hindoo Koosh, but I hope that the advisability 
of having sketched in this chain will be acknowledged, after reading 
the fourth chapter of this memoir. 
The geology of the map is partly from my own observations and 
partly from information obtained from friends and travellers; I have 
endeavoured to enter nothing which did not appear pretty certain. 
I have been able to sift satisfactorily a good deal of the information 
obtained, by means of specimens which were cither shown or given 
to me, 
