1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. . 97 
very high angle; but the rock.is much decomposed, the vegetation 
rich, and little is seen until we reach Nausherra. Thence, thf beds 
are well exposed, forming lofty cliffs over the path, of a grand and 
picturesque aspect ; they are often quite vertical and seldom form an 
angle with the horizon of less than 85°. But the same force which 
has made those strata stand on end, has also broken them and 
wheeled round enormous sections of the beds. Even a superficial 
examination shows that portions of the hills, some thousands of 
yards long, caught as it were between two faults and thus set free 
in their movements, have been made to rotate on themselves, the 
strike changing its direction from a few to ninety degrees. Thus, 
near Buniar, the strike is N.—S.; a little further south it is W.—E.; 
four miles before we get to Ori it is W. 15° N.—E. 15° 8. and the dip 
is southern and only 45°. At Ori the strike is again about N. W.— 
S. E. and the dip northern and 80°. But it is often difficult to see the 
stratification in these laminated rocks, as cleavages and joints are 
generally better marked than the stratification. The general strike, 
however, is from N. a few degrees W., to S. a few degrees H., and the 
dip is northern. 
Between Nausherra and Ori, the felstone presents several ap- 
pearances. The bulk of the hills is made up of a pale grey and 
extremely laminated felstone, having much the appearance of slate, 
and being crossed by numerous veins of opaque quartz. These 
veins are sometimes so thick that they form bands of quartzite. 
Near Ori, some beds are seen having the appearance of metamorphic 
chloritic slates. Others are made up of very thin-bedded felstone of an 
earthy appearance, and are wonderfully wavy and crimpled, whilst the 
beds above and below them are but gently undulated. It appears 
probable that these thin-bedded layers were deposited by water 
during periods of volcanic inaction, and that when the covering 
felstone contracted in cooling, the aqueous -deposit was gathered in 
zigzag folds. They ought, therefore, to be considered either as an ash 
arranged by water, or as a laterite derived from the surface of decom- 
posing felstone, and having the same composition as its parent rock. 
6. About half way between Buniar and Ori, is a small Buddhist 
ruin concealed by brambles and wild roses, and built of a dark grey 
rough trachy-dolerite. This rock was obtained from a thick band 
