1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 99 
disposition of the miocene and the bending backwards of the beds in 
contact with the felstone. These beds are partially concealed by a 
very high river-terrace of conglomerate, but this has been washed off 
in many places and the rocks are left uncovered. 
There is, in the Sub-Himalaya, sufficient evidence of miocene 
sandstone having been mostly raised by a lateral movement; there 
appears to have been a reflection, a refoulement of the miocene 
beds towards the 8. and the W., as if the enormous masses of the central 
chains had surged up through a chasm of the earth’s crust and forced 
the sandstone aside, instead of lifting it up. And thus the volcanic 
rock of my diagram would have pressed against the miocene, and 
curbed up and bent back the yielding plastic beds of sandstone and 
clay. 
9. Returning now to Buniar, half way between Ori and Baramoola, 
we cannot fail to admire the remains of a Buddhist temple of con- 
siderable size and great beauty. It is built of a white porphyry, 
and of this porphyry we must now speak in detail. 
The stones of the temple were obtained from huge blocks which 
are strewed on the river terraces on both sides of the Jheelum, in the 
neighbourhood of Buniar. Some of these blocks are of enormous 
size: one I noticed is about 20 feet above ground and nearly as thick 
and broad as it is high. No water-power could have moved such 
enormous masses, and they have evidently been brought down by 
glaciers. I have been told that Mr. Vigne supposed them to have been 
brought by icebergs floating on a huge Kashmir lake, but we need 
not go so far for their origin, as the Kaj Nag peaks, seven “miles to 
the north, and the Sank or Sallar, eight miles to the south, are mostly 
composed ofthis porphyry. A glance at the map will easily demon- 
‘strate how glaciers, filling up the narrow valleys of the Harpeykai and 
the Khar Khol, brought down to the river-terraces blocks of porphyry 
detached from the summits of Kaj Nag and Sallar (13,446 it. 
and 12,517 ft.). I had not time to visit these valleys and look 
for ancient moraines, but some blocks show striz and scratches such 
as glaciers alone can produce. These glaciers no longer exist, but their 
disappearance is only the result of a change of climate of the Himalaya, 
which is abundantly proved to have taken place at a very late 
