104 Mr. Verchére on the Geology of Kashmir, [No. 2, 
Fig. 3. 
manner, as represented in the accompanying diagram (fig. 3): 1, Upper 
Miocene with Mammalian Bones; 2, Lower Miocene without fossils 
(excepting a few roots and stems and imprints of leaves) ; 3, Porphyry 
and Felstone, &e. 
The upper bed is therefore not seen near Murree, whilst the lower bed 
is equally absent from the great plateau of Rawul Pindee, where the 
fossiliferous sandstone is always seen to rest directly on the Nummulitic 
formation, wherever this breaks through the miocene. The bed we 
have to deal with here is, therefore, the upper miocene only. It is 
much folded and faulted, forming stray folds and many faults at both 
extremities of the bed, and rolling in broad undulations in the centre 
of the plateau. Now, if we examine the much up-tilted beds near 
Futteh Jung, Nusrulla, or else close to the Salt Range near Kalabagh, 
we find them composed of a grey or greenish calcareous sandstone, of 
conglomerate and of sandy indurated clays containing nodules of 
kunkur. These beds look like inclined and parallel walls sticking 
out of the alluvium, and separated one from the other by open spaces 
or intervals ; and one may at first sight fancy that the several strata 
have been wrenched apart at the time they were upheaved, But if 
we examine the beds where they are nearly horizontal, as in the 
neighbourhood of the Soane river near Kothair or Jubbie, we find. 
that they consist of a hardly cohesive sand, very white and composed of 
minute grains of albite and quartz, with black grains of augite and 
spangles of mica. I have been in the habit, in taking notes, to call 
this sand, Pepper and Salt sand, and I shall here make use of this 
term, as it is a convenient one. Interstratified with this sand we find 
the beds of grey or greenish sandstone, of conglomerate and of sandy 
clay noted at Futteh Jung ; and it becomes evident that at the places 
where we first observed the beds, and where they are much tilted up, 
