1866.) the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 109 
considerable height, and disposed in such a manner that they cannot 
have been brought from any other locality but the summits above. 
When I visited the Apaikey valley, the summits on both sides were 
covered with a thick mantle of snow, but the very shape of the peak, 
a smoothly rounded boss, was suggestive of a hill composed of 
materials which wear quickly and round easily under the influence 
of ‘atmospheric vicissitudes. 
14.—We must now endeavour to ascertain the extent of country 
‘covered by volcanic rocks similar to those I have described, and I am 
again indebted to Captain H. G. Austen for the following information : 
“The so-called granite, or, as you say more properly, volcanic por- 
phyry, of the Kaj Nag is quite unlike the granite of the Deosais or 
Ladak, which is pure granite or syenite. This Kaj Nag rock is seen 
- again in the mountains bounding the south-east end of the valley 
(of Kashmir) and in Kistwar; and the whole length of the Chota 
Dhar range, bounding Badrawar to the south, is of it ; I have seen it 
nowhere else. It is so strikingly peculiar that I should certainly have 
noticed it, had I come across it in other parts of Kashmir.” 
How far the porphyry of Kistwar and Badrawar extends to the 
east, I have no means of judging ;* but we have seen that the Kaj 
Nag extends towards the west into the upper part of Hazara; and 
I have had described to me some “ granite’ seen a few miles north 
of Mauserah, near the entrance into the Kaghan valley, which 
appears to be a volcanic porphyry similar to that which we have seen 
at Buniar.t But it extends still further west: Dr. Costello informs 
me that a great deal of “ granite” and quartz occurs in and near the 
Umbeyla pass, lately occupied by the troops under General Sir Neville 
* The “ granitic’ belt between the Sutlej and the Kali rivers, long. 77° to 
80° 15’, appears to be a continuation of the porphyry of Kaj Nag, Kistwar and 
Badrawar. In Sirmoor, Garhwal and Kum .on it forms the centres of moun- 
taimous systems such as Chor, Dudatoli, Binsar, &c. Capt. R. Strachey 
describes it as “ often porphyritic and muc. subject to decay.” It passes into 
“mica-shist showing a distinctly laminated structure,” (felstone ?) and also 
into greenstone. 
+ Also “a place on the road (to Mausora) as it passes along the eastern 
edge of the Pukti valley gets its name of Chitti wat (white stone) from several 
large blocks and hillocks of white felspathic rock containing large crystals, the 
Same as that of the blocks on the ridge of Buri a few miles to the 8. W., and 
hke them visible “from a great distance.”—Jowrnal of the Agricultural and 
Horticultural Society of India, Vol, XIV. Part I, 
14 
