1866. ] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 115 
east of the Jheelum. If we travel, on the map, from the N. W. to 
the S. H. of the valley of Kashmir, following the banks of the Jheelum, 
we shall notice a series of mountains of moderate height, encroaching 
into the valley, and separated one from the other by broad lateral 
valleys more or less filled with lacustrine deposits. The first mountain 
we meet ison the eastern side of the Woolar lake, and is called the 
Safapoor (10,309). Its foot is bathed by a small but exquisitely 
picturesque lake, (Pl. 6) the Manus Bal. The next is close to 
Srinagar and is the Zebanwan (8813). Ten miles to the south-east, 
the Wastarwan, near Avantipoor, is the next summit; then, after 
crossing the valley of Trahal, we meet the hill of Kamlawan (8601), 
over the village of Murhama, and the Sheri Bal close to the Kamla- 
wan. Crossing the broad valley of the Lidar River, we find the 
Hapatikri, a mountain which sends a spur to the 8. W. to form the 
small hill of Islamabad at the foot of which the town of that name 
is built. Crossing the valley of the Arpat river, we meet with the 
Dhar (8146) and the Nawkan (9207). We have therefore, from 
the eastern shore of the Woolar lake to the extreme south-east of 
the Kashmir valley, a catenated chain of mountains composed of 
isolated summits, whilst their relations are covered by the diluvial 
and lacustrine deposits which fill the Kashmir valley, and the 
lateral valleys which open into it. This chain is therefore presented 
to us as a series of summits and not as a regular chain.* Its 
direction ig that of the general parallelism of the Himalaya, viz. 
from N. W. toS. E. Ten miles, as the crow flies, to the northeast of 
this chain there is another similar one, that is to say a series of 
summits, apparently somewhat detached one from the other, but being 
in a line with the parallelism of the Himalaya. These mountains are 
from the S. H. to the N. W.—the Liwapatoor, the Wokalbul (14,310) 
the Girdwali (14,060), Batgool (14,423), Boorwaz (13,087), Handil 
(13,273) Saij Aha (11,334). West of the Saij Aha, this catenated 
* T need hardly say that the catenated appearance of the chains described 
in the text is in great part due to erosion, and that this great erosion is only 
what was to be expected, if we remember that the whole rain-fall of the 
southern slope of the Ser and Mer chain has to find its way to the valley of 
Kashmir across these catenated chains, and that the Ser and Mer chains re- 
ceiye a tremendous snow-fall. I use the word “catenated,’ in the same 
sense as it is used in Anatomy, to designate the arrangement of the lymphatic 
glands of the neck, viz. like the beads of a necklace or rosary. 
