1866. ] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 117 
great lines of fracture on which these volcanoes were situated, had 
the same direction as that of the Himalaya of our time. 
18. Beginning with the southernmost line of summits, I will 
now describe in some detail the hills which compose it. I shall begin 
with that nearest to Srinagar, viz. the Zebanwan. 
The Zebanwan is a mountain of 88138 feet at its highest point, with a 
general direction from E. to W. (Map B). Its eastern portion is nearly 
due E.—W., and is 24} miles in length. It then turns to the S. W., at 
the same time throwing out long spurs to the N. W. to embrace the 
eastern shore of the Dal. The Zebanwan keeps its N. E.—S. W. 
direction for 34 miles, when it bifurcates into two branches, a southern 
one, small and short, and a W. N. W. one, 22 miles long. It is at 
the end of this W. N. W. branch that the Tukt-i-Suliman rises, a very 
conspicuous little hill, seen from nearly every part of the valley. 
Still further to the W. N. W., 21 miles from the Tukt, the hillock 
of Hurri Parbut rises out of the lacustrine alluvial. It is evident 
that the Tukt-i-Suliman and the Hurri Parbut are only continuations 
of the W. N. W. spur of the Zebanwan, and appear as detached hillocks 
on account of the thickness of the lacustrine deposit. (Sect. A). 
The following detailed section of Hurri Parbut, the Tukt-i-Suliman 
and the W.N. W. spur of the Zebanwan is at a right angle to the 
axis of these hills. It will give, I hope, a good idea of rocks which 
we shall meet again and again, and which I will, therefore, endeavour 
to describe now with some precision, as they are nowhere better seen 
or more conveniently studied. 
Section of Hurri Parbut, Tukt-i-Suliman and W. N. W. spur of 
the Zebanwan. (Sections A, B, &c.). 
Direction of chain: 8. 65° E.—N. 65° W. General strike of beds S. H.— 
N.W. General dip of beds, north-easterly. The Section follows the direction 
of the range and consequently cuts the dip at an angle of about 65° instead 
of 90°. (See Sect: A). (Section II, of General Map). See also Map B. 
Hurri Parbut. This hill is a succession of hard layers of trachy-dolerite 
and soft layers of other rocks. The trachy-dolerite is rough, compact, very 
hard and dark, I have never seen it scoriaceous. It is sparingly amygda- 
loidal, containing sometimes a few large geodes filled with white quartz. 
These beds are nearly vertical, with a dip east-north-easterly, forming with 
the horizon an angle seldom under 75°. The most westerly beds are nearly 
vertical, whilst the most easterly layers are more sloping, There are seven or 
15 
