1866. | the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 131 
innumerable inviduals of what has been called Vincularza multangu- 
laris (Portlock), but which some say is not a Vencularia at all. 
Some of the fossils are familiar to every body: the Productus 
semi-reticulatus (Martin), P. costatus (Sow.), the Athyris Rorssyt 
(L’Eveillé). Other fossils are interesting on account of their rarity, 
and first amongst these is the claw of a crustacean, the pincers of 
which are two and a half inches in length. Though the pincers are 
neither teethed internally nor flattened into organs of natation, we 
may, I think, refer the fossil provisionally to the genus Hurypterus, 
if it ig not even a true Limulus. (See Pl. V. fig. 4.) 
23. We have therefore, resting on the volcanic rocks, beds of 
carboniferous limestone. These beds are of great thickness, and they 
change their characters very considerably as we follow them 
upwards. I have divided them into three great divisions, and I 
have called these by the names of the localities where they were 
found to be well developed. The lowest bed, which we have just 
seen, Ihave called the Zeeawan bed, from the village of Zeeawan. 
The next above will be called the Weean bed, from the village of 
Weean near which it is well developed ;-and the uppermost division 
I have named the Kothair bed,* from the name of a small district 
at the foot of the mountains where this upper bed is well seen. 
I have preferred adopting these names to the plan of using the desig- 
nations of Lower, Middle and Upper, as further observations may 
render it desirable to sub-divide any division into two or more sec- 
tions, in which case the terms lower, middle and upper would become 
inconvenient. In the present state of our knowledge of the geology 
of Kashmir and the N. W. Punjab, we may nevertheless remember 
with advantage, that the Zeeawan is the lowest, the Weean the middle, 
and the Kothair the upper bed of the mountain limestone. 
24. To come back to our section near Zeeawan: we must first 
notice the inwrapping disposition of the beds around the end of the 
spur. The general strike of the volcanic rocks is N. N. H.—S. 8. W. 
* So few fossils were found in the Kothair bed, that it is not possible te 
place it, with any certainty, in the carboniferous; the same reason prevents 
its beg placed in the Permian or Triassic. The place of this bed as the 
uppermost carboniferous is therefore only temporary. See the remark after 
the list of fossils found in the Kothair bed, Chapter I1., para. 50, 
