180 Mr, Verchére on the Geology of Kashmir, [No. 3, 
This section gives a thickness of Weean limestone and calcareous 
sandstone, of 360 feet. 
When I ascended the Hapatikri, I unfortunatly did so above Mutton, 
and only carried my section as far as the top of the hill at that place, 
that is as far as layer 22. A little swelling of the surface concealed 
from me the summits to my right, and I thought that layer 22 was 
the highest of the hill. From the top of the Islamabad hill, 
about four miles to the S. W., I could see, while sketching fig. 8, 
that the summit of the Hapatikri is considerably above the layer 
22. Two dark layers or ribbons are well seen near the highest 
summit of the Hapatikri, and it is not impossible that some faults 
bring up again the same beds. It is, however, probable that some 
beds of the uppermost or Kothair Bed exist near the summit of 
the hill, as I found amongst éboulis and lose stones near Martand 
some corals, which are, I believe, highly characteristic of the Kothair 
bed. (PI. VIII. fig. 4, 4a.) 
44, The Sketch-Section (fig. 8) shows that all the ridges of the 
Saijnarh are well and regularly stratified limestone and calcareous sand- 
stones ; I did not, however, visit these spurs. Behind the Saijnarh and 
the Hapatikri areseen the rugged volcanic mountains which bound Kash- 
mir on the east, separating the waters of the Jheelum from those of the 
Chenab. The Arpat river brings down boulders from these mountains, 
and the lacustrine conglomerates, which are so extensively developed 
at the point where the Arpat and other streams leave the mountainous 
gorges to emerge in the open valley, give us a good idea of the 
composition of these mountains. All the boulders and pebbles, both 
of the bed of the river and of the conglomerates, are volcanic rocks, 
of which many varieties of amygdaloid are the most frequent. I 
never saw a single pebble of granite, syenite or gneiss, but quartzite 
is common, as well as limestone. That the pebbles and boulders 
of the conglomerate have been brought down directly from these 
mountains by torrents and rivers, and have not been drifted to where 
they are by the waves of the ancient great lake of Kashmir,* is 
* The valley of Kashmir has been a huge lake since the appearance of man 
in the Himalaya. It is probable that a lake fillmge up the whole of the 
valley existed before that period, and that it was drained or tapped by some 
cause or another, allowing the valley of Kashmir to dry up nearly to the same 
