1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 185 
visited by me; these beds were the top or near the top of the series 
of Weean limestone seen along the section of the southern aspect 
of the Zebanwan between Zeeawan and Koonmoo. JF said, “ From 
the brow of the last spur I have visited, a fine view is obtained of 
the next spur, and this is remarkable for a great twist of the strata 
which compose it. The limestone is extremely white, and resembles 
chalk-cliffs at a distance.” Is it not highly probable that there again 
we had the same altered limestone? The beds were wonderfully 
twisted and folded, whilst those above and below them .were hardly 
affected. 
I consider, therefore, that these altered limestones are portions of 
the Weean group, and Ef believe that the alteration was produced by 
bursts of water at a very high temperature, or of gases hot and 
compressed ; the eruptive power of these agents being sufficiently 
powerful to displace and uplift the calcareous mud of the sea-bottom, 
a mud which must have been plastic, from the great admixture of clay 
it contained, and which was covered by no great depth of water. It 
is for such an action, as I have supposed, that Mr. Dumont has proposed 
the term of ‘““Geyserian”’ action, and for the rocks precipitated from these 
watery volcanoes (such as the felspathic sand with quartzite of the 
Kafir Kote) the name of Geyserian rocks. The name is sufficiently 
suggestive and requires no explanation. It is probable that the 
quartzite which we have seen placed between the volcanic rocks and 
the limestone, belongs to that class of rocks. 
47. The Arpat river runs through a district named Kothair or 
Kotehar, and it is from this district that I have named the uppermost 
bed of the Carboniferous(?) limestone of Kashmir. We have seen 
a small patch of this bed near Koonmoo, in the Gebanwan, but we 
will find the bed well developed in the next hills we are about to. 
visit. 
A few miles to the S. E. of Islamabad ts a mass of well-wooded 
and picturesque mountains which separates the valley of the Arpat 
river from the Nowboog valley. Arckbal, Tippoo, Karpur, Dhar and 
Nawkan are summits which appear to form the centre of a small 
system of hills; their height is between 8 and 9000 feet, and they 
deserve careful study. J was unfortunately not able to do more than 
pay the most superficial visit to Arckbal and the iron mines of Kothair ; 
and the following are the notes taken during that visit. 
