196 Mr. Verchére on the Geology of Kashmir, [No. 3, 
derful twists and foldings, but appear less altered than the beds which 
are bathed by the lake; their fossils are better preserved. I have 
not ascended these spurs, but amongst the éboulis, I saw many 
fossils characteristic of the Weean limestone, amongst others large - 
Aviculo-pectens and Anthracosie, of which sections only had been 
discovered in the rocks in situ. 
Some blocks of limestone were also found exhibiting Gastero- 
oda, so conspicuous in the Kothair bed, and it is therefore evident 
that this bed forms the uppermost layers of the limestone of the 
higher spurs. I need hardly say, that the beds of Manus Bal belong 
to the Weean group, and that they have been folded and altered in part 
by volcanic action, subsequent to the formation of the volcanic rocks 
on which they rest. The order of the beds is from the anticlinal 
upwards on both sides of it, and the rocks nearest to the trap are the 
most superficial, excepting, however, the detached beds which are 
conformable to the volcanic rocks on the northern side of the great 
fault. Ifthe limestone had been baked by the amgydaloid and the 
greenstone, we would naturally expect to find the beds nearest to 
these rocks most altered; the reverse is however the case; and we 
must therefore admit that a burst of hot gases or hot water had taken 
place at the time these limestones were still asoft and plastic mud, and 
that it upheaved, folded and metamorphosed them. 
Tt must not be forgotten, that the limestone might have been much 
less folded by this first disturbing action than we see it now, when 
the last upheaval of the Himalaya took place: the beds then slightly 
folded would naturally give way in the same direction as they were 
already bent, especially if the space they occupied between two un- 
yielding trappean hills had become so restricted that the limestone 
must of necessity either be folded or override the trap. On the appli- 
cation of such lateral pressure, a straight, flat, hard bed might have 
slided over the trap, but a bed already undulating would more natu- 
rally give way at the weakest parts, viz. the angles of the undulations, 
and thus become gathered in crumpling folds. Such folds are well 
shown in the Sketch-Section, (plate F). 
55. Having terminated our examination of the several moun- 
tains which form the first catenated chain on the N. H. of the valley 
of Kashmir, we can now understand how this chain was once conti- 
