202 Mr. Verchére on the Geoloyy of Kashmir, de. [No. 3, 
58. The third catenated chain is composed of summits of great 
height, the Gwashbrari (17,839), the Harbagwan (16,055) the Basmai 
(15,652), and the Haramook (16,903), and many other peaks which, 
with their spurs and connecting ridges, separate Kashmir proper 
from Tillail and Gurais. All these high summits are formed by 
porphyry having a granitoid appearance, which passes, towards the 
north, into felstone generally earthy and similar to the earthy fel- 
stone of the Atala Mount near Baramoola. On the north-western 
extremity of the chain, this felstone becomes continued with that of 
the great chain of hills which unites the Kaj Nag to the Ser and Mer 
chain. This flaggy rock is continued to near the city of Gurais 
where, in the valley of the Kishengunga, beds of limestone 
appear extending from about 15 miles N. W. of Gurais to Fillail. 
The limestone is, after a break, continued at the Sono Murg 
and is in all probability identical to that of this Jocality. I have 
never seen any specimen or fossil from the Tillail limestone, but the 
Sono Murg limestone is Carboniferous, and it is most probable that 
the Tillail limestone, which appears to be the continuation of that 
bed, belongs to the same epoch. 
Due north of Sono Murg, the limestone is much developed and 
forms the summit of a considerable peak. 
The porphyry-centres of mountains pass towards the south to rocks 
of an appearance different from that of the northern spurs; while 
we have seen that, towards the north, the porphyry generally graduates 
to a felstone more or less earthy. Towards the south it changes, as we 
travel from the peaks towards the end of the spurs, into trachyte, 
greenstone, amygdaloid, basalt, ash and agglomerate, together with 
interstratified, azoic and often amygdaloidal slate. 
The northern spurs of Gwashbrari, the Harbagwan and the Basmai 
are composed of felstone, and near the road to Drass, in the valley 
of the Sind Torrent, of amygdaloid and ash. On these beds of 
ejecta rest fossiliferous beds, and, near the small village of Sono Murg, 
the beds of limestone are well developed. Captain Godwin-Austen 
found in that locality some fossils which he was kind enough to 
show me. ‘They were identical with the forms described as charac- 
teristic of the Kothair group of Carboniferous limestone, viz, the 
Gasteropoda and Cyathophyllide which are represented at Pl. VIII. 
