The Ethnology of India. 33 
them, The Gonds or Gours have been mentioned as found in a not 
very pure form in the west of Oodeypore, and Sirgoojah of the Chota- 
Nagpore division. In the highlands to the east of those states and 
of Jushpore, the Oraons are found. Col. Dalton mentions them as form- 
ing the greater part of the population of a considerable portion of the 
Juskpore highlands, and it is these whom he describes as the ugliest of 
the race. Thence eastwards the Oraons have pushed themselves into 
the proper country of the Moondahs (of Kolarian race) in the plateau 
of the Chota-Nagpore district and adjoining country. They must 
have been strong, to effect an ingress to a country not originally their 
own, but I do not understand that they are now at all dominant over 
the others. In fact they seem to have very much adopted the habits 
of the Kolarians, among whom or in contact with whom they live, 
are industrious and laborious, and as much as the others contribute to 
the supply of the labour market of Bengal. I understand that they 
form a considerable proportion of the Calcutta Dhangars ; that last 
term being one the proper meaning of which I cannot ascertain, but 
which, so far as I can learn, is applied generically to the aboriginal 
labourers in Calcutta. 
Separated from the Oraons by a considerable space (principally of 
lower but still more or less hilly country, occupied by mixed tribes of 
Kolarians, Hindustanees, and Bengalees), are the Dravidian Rajma- 
halees, whose proper tribal name, I have not ascertained. They are 
sometimes called Maler, but that is merely the Dravidian form for 
mountaineers, the word applied to so many of these tribes. 
These are the men who are well known in connection with Mr. 
Cleveland’s endeavours to tame and reform them. They seem to have 
been in those days terrible depredators. That all the parts of India 
adjoiming the Central hills, both at this point and throughout a con- 
siderably wider range, were in times of anarchy dreadfully subject to 
injury from the hill-men, is still attested by the numerous and exten- 
sive ‘ghatwallee’ tenures held all along the foot of the hills and 
about the Ghats and passes. They are particularly numerous in the 
Bhaugulpore and Beerbhoom districts, adjoining the Rajmahal hills 
on either side. Such estates pay little or no revenue, but are held on 
the condition of guarding the passes against hill robbers, murderers, 
and cattle-lifters, The hill-men have been successfully reclaimed, 
