130 The Ethnology of India. 
‘Gaudas,’ and under native goyernments not unfrequently farmed the 
rents. There also seems to have been the village communal system 
in some degree, but in most places not democratic. The Wokuls are 
indifferent soldiers, but serve as Militia. They eat flesh freely and 
are not a strict class. There are, it seems, a number of sub-divisions 
among them. One of the chief are called Gungacara, but whether 
that indicates a northern origin, I can’t say. In truth Wokul seems to 
be a very wide word. A considerable proportion of the cultivators, 
in several parts of this country, seem to be settled and reclaimed 
aborigines, sturdy “‘ Beders” and “‘ Malawa” or “ hillmen,’”’ and there 
are a class allied to the Billiaru and Teermen of the Western Coast. 
The low Helot outcastes are numerous and called ‘ Hollayers.”’ 
Some of this caste seem to be still aboriginal in the Western Ghats, 
they are mentioned as coming down to the Coast nearly or quite 
naked; but most of them are agricultural labourers and serfs. They 
are said to correspond to the ‘‘ Dhers” to the north and to the Palli or 
Pallers to the south. “‘ Halaya” means ancient, and the word Hollayer 
perhaps only means “ the ancient race.” The Gollars, Golavadu or 
Gwallas seem to be few, but the ‘‘ Dhangars,” mentioned as connected 
with Aheers, extend a good way south, and there is a large class of 
the aboriginal shepherds the ‘‘ Carambers,’”’ There are Banjaras called 
also “‘ Lambadi,” and I believe also “ Warali” or ‘‘ Katode Warali,” but 
T am not sure whether these last are not a kind of Gpysies found also 
in the Bombay country. 
The Buis and Bustars are palanquin-bearers, fishermen, ferrymen 
and distillers, 
The old Ganarese dynasties and most of the people were at one 
time Jain, but those of that faith are now few, they have returned 
to the worship of Siva and the Lingam, which seems to be their 
ancient faith. This former Jain profession seems to be, however, a 
link of connection with the Banees farther North, 
My impression, in passing through the country, has been that the 
Canarese as a body are fairer and better looking than most of their 
southern neighbours ; and as the tribes of a northern character seem 
to prevail among thei less than in the Tamil and Telagoo country, it 
may be a question whether their features are influenced by an infusion 
from the west. It seems that the ancient name of the Oanarese 
