The Ethnology of India. 145 
feudal chiefship over the western clans. They have their regular 
system of democratic representation and self-government by the 
assemblies of Jeergahs and Qolooses; but like mest rude people so 
situated, no man’s nationality goes beyond his own clan (Gust as in 
civilised Greece, it did not go beyond his ‘own city), and within the 
clan order is very insufficiently maintained. Afghan individuality in 
very irrepressible. 
A considerable population of proper Pathans are now our subjects 
in the districts of Peshawar and Kohat, and it would be very 
interesting to examine critically, how. far their constitution is really 
different from that of the Jats and other democratic Indian tribes. 
Tt is generally said that as a people they are very different, and non- 
Indians must be very different from Indians. The language too 
shows that, Arian though they be, the Pathans are a branch separated 
by a wide interval. But still I have not been able to discover by 
cursory inquiry that their constitution is other than that of the more 
democratic Indo-Germans. [I rather incline to think that*they are 
probably of the same stock as the Jats and other tribes, but of a common 
ancestry, long anterior to the entrance of the latter into India. It 
may be that while some tribes poured into India, others have been 
eradually working their way though the hills, dispossessing the 
Khatrees and Khasas and more eborsina) Caucasians who held what 
is now modern Afghanistan. 
Tou ABoricginAL ARIANS oF THE INDIAN Caucasus. 
{ have lately called attention to our ignorance of these most 
interesting people, probably the remains of the pre-Hindu ancestors 
of the earliest Hindus. Of the Kaffirs of the most inaccessible 
portions of the range, between the Kashgar river and Bameean, we 
have heard a great deal, but learned almost nothing. They are 
thought to be related to Huropeans, because they sit on chairs and 
drink wine copiously. They must be a sturdy race, to have maintained 
their independence so long. All the other tribes seem to be more or 
less Mahomedans. “There are the “ Neemchahs” or half breeds on 
the southern slepe of the Caucasus, between the Afghans and the 
higher peaks, speaking a language with a strong affinity to the Indian 
tongues, and which also seems to present some curious affinities to 
