146 The Ethnology of India. 
the Latin. In the lower country near the debouchure of the Kashgar 
river, the people speak a mixed language called ‘‘Laghmanee.” In 
the upper valley of that river, the name Kashgar seems to mark the 
trace of early Khasas. 
The ancient language of Swat seems to have disappeared, and the 
country is now Pathan, with a subject race of aboriginal blood, that 
is pure Arian aborigines. But farther north, in the valleys of the 
Ghilghit river, running into the Indus from the West, we have an 
Arian people speaking a language of their own, which is cognate to the 
tongue of the tribes east of the, Indus in and about the country called 
“ Chilas.’’ Some of these latter are independent and scarcely known, but 
most of this country, and also Ghilgit, is now subject to the Maharajah 
of Cashmere. The “ Dards’ seem to be among these tribes. 
Tt may be asserted of all these Caucasian tribes (excepting the 
Kaffirs of whom we know so little) that, while they are physically - 
as handsome and fine as possible, they are not so democratic and 
sturdy ia independence as the Afghans. We know very well what 
an undertaking it is to subdue, still more to rule, an Afghan tribe in 
their own country. But the Aighans have certainly subdued many 
of these Caucasians. The Maharajah of Cashmere has conquered 
and governs many more. Those in contact with our own frontier 
are quiet and not troublesome. And in Kashgar it is understood that 
the people submit to their rulers, in a way which Afghans will never 
suffer. Altogether it may be assumed that this race is less indepen- 
dent (though it may be more intellectual) than the democratic races ; 
more amenable to Rajas and Priests, and altogether just such a people 
as we might expect to give birth to Khasas and early Braminical 
Hindus. Living in countries most. favourable to the Vine they seem 
to be generally given to the use of wine. Whether the use of chairs 
extends beyond Kaffiristan I cannot say. We have in fact everything 
to learn about these people and their languages, 
Tur NortHern BorpDERERS OF MIXED TarvaR or T'HIBETAN BLOOD. 
The Mongolians and Arians seem to cross well. Most of the tribes 
falling under this heading are physically vigorous and industriously 
energetic. 
