174 The “ Kols” of Chota-Nagpore. 
The villagers maintain a blacksmith and a Gowala or herd; the 
latter takes care of all the village cattle, and is supposed to be respon- 
sible if any are stolen. They each get a maund of dhan for every 
plough and three kerads, bundles, of other crops. 
According to the tradition of the Kols, the Rajah is entitled to the rent 
of only half of the land in each village. The remainder is Bhuinhurree, 
or rent-free under some other denomination, but in most villages rent 
is now taken on from two-thirds to three-fourths of the land. The 
land is thus divided :— 
I. Rughus—the land that pays rent to the owner or his represent- 
ative. 
II. Bhetketta, a certain portion of the Rughus which each ryot, 
not a Bhuinhur, is allowed to cultivate free of rent, but for which he 
has to perform various services to the landlord or farmer. 
III. The land allotted te the Mahto, the Pahan and the Bhundari. 
IV. Munghus—the land at the disposal of the landlord or his agent 
or the farmer of the village. For the cultivation of this land, the 
holder of the village can make any arrangement that he pleases. 
V. Bhuinhurree is the land held rent free by the descendants of the 
founder of the village, who are, however, bound to render certain 
services to the Rajah or his representative. 
VI. Bhootketta—the land, the produce of which is appropriated to 
the expense of the great village poojas and festivals; a portion of this 
called “‘ Dalikhatari” is assigned to the Pahan for the ordinary annual 
poojas, and the proceeds of the remainder are reserved for the triennial 
sacrifices and extraordinary occasions. 
The rent is assessed on the wet land only. The cultivator is 
entitled to upland in proportion to the wet land for which he pays. 
Tf he cultivates more, the custom is for a payment in kind called 
Muswur, to be made when the crop is harvested. 
The Bhuinhurs cling most tenaciously to their Bhuinhurree lands. 
Insurrections have followed attempts to disturb these tenures, and even 
now such attempts are sure to lead to serious affrays. The Kol insur- 
rection of 1833 was, without doubt, mainly caused by the encroach- 
ments of alien farmers and sub-proprietors on the rights of the 
descendants of the old settlers. The first burst of the outbreak was a 
pretty broad hint, a general conflagration of the houses of alien farmers 
