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resident, and not uncommon, and, contrary to its mode of nidification in England, it invariably 

 breeds in rocks and precipices extremely difficult of access. Throughout Norway it is numerous ; 

 according to Mr. Collett it arrives in April, or sometimes in March, in Southern Norway, and 

 breeds commonly throughout the northern portions of the country from the Russian frontier 

 down to the Dovre, where it is replaced by the Kestrel. Below the fell-ridges it is rarer, and 

 on the fells occurs almost solely in the birch-region ; still a few breed in the lowlands, as for 

 instance, at Ringerike, Modum, and Hoiderne, near Christiania. Most leave in October ; but 

 occasional stragglers are seen in November, and Mr. Siebke observed one at Tojenhavn as late as 

 the 15th December. It has, however, never been known to winter in Norway. In Sweden it is, 

 as in Norway, most common in the northern provinces; and Nilsson says that the southern 

 boundary of its range is about the northern limit of that of the Kestrel. According to Mr. Malm, 

 however, it is said to breed near Gothenburg ; and according to Wallengren, also on Gottland. 

 In Finland it is more common in the north than in the southern portions of the country ; but I 

 met with it in almost all parts I visited. It is common in Northern Russia, and I have received 

 many from Archangel, and one from as far north as Novaja Zemlia. 



SabanaefF says that in the Ural it is rarer than the Hobby. He did not observe it further 

 north than in about 57° N. lat. It breeds in Central Russia, and Meshakoff says that it is not 

 rare in the south-western portions of the Government of Vologda. It occurs during migration 

 only, so far as I can ascertain, in Poland and the Baltic Provinces, and Borggreve doubts whether 

 it ever remains to breed in North Germany, where it occurs during the seasons of migration, and 

 a few winter in the south-western part of that country ; Boeck states that it breeds in Prussia ; 

 Tobias observed it in the mountains of Lausitz during the summer ; Gloger writes that it breeds 

 rarely on the highest ridge of the Riesengebirge ; and Schauer says that he saw it in the High 

 Tatra on the 30th June. In Denmark, as in Northern Germany, it is met with during the 

 spring and autumn, and appears to be tolerably common, but, Mr. Benzon says, appears never to 

 remain there to breed. 



It occurs also during the two seasons of migration in Belgium, being more especially found 

 in Ardenne and Campine, and is supposed to remain over winter ; but, on the whole, it is a 

 rare species. It is said to breed sometimes in Luxemburg. In Holland it has been observed 

 throughout the entire summer; and Schlegel and Zander suppose that it breeds there. Von 

 Droste often observed it in East Friesland during the breeding-season, but believes the birds 

 seen were only stragglers. It is by him said to be common on Borkum during the seasons of 

 passage, and some few individuals remain over the winter. Mr. Labouchere tells me also that 

 he has reason to believe it may probably breed in Holland, but adds that he has failed to trace 

 any authentic instance of its nest having been found in that country. Throughout France it is 

 generally distributed, but only during migration. 



Professor Barboza du Bocage does not include it in his list of the birds found in Portugal ; 

 but it occurs in Spain, where, Lord Lilford says, it is a common and well-known winter resident. 

 Graells says that it is rare in the province of Madrid ; and Machado gives the same information 

 respecting its occurrence in the province of Seville. 



In Savoy, according to Bailly, it is abundant, especially the birds of the year, from October 

 to February, a few pairs remaining to breed, retiring for that purpose to the high mountains, 



