419 



CYGNUS OLOR. 



(MUTE SWAN.) 



Anser cygnus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 288 (1760). 



Anas cygnus, (3 mansuetus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 194 (1766). 



Anas (Cygnus) mansuetus, Lath. Gen. Synopsis, Suppl. p. 297 (1787). 



Anas olor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 501 (1788). 



Cygnus gibbus, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 815 (1809). 



Cygnus sibilus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 215 (1811). 



Cygnus olor (Gm.), Vieill. Nouv. Diet. ix. p. 37 (1817). 



Cygnus mansuetus, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 126 (1828). 



Cygnus unwini, A. O. Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 413. 



Cygne domestique, French ; Cigno reale, Italian ; Schahin Aquaq, Ardef, Arabic ; H'dker- 

 Schioan, stummer Scliwan, German ; de Zwaan, Dutch ; Knubsvane, Danish ; Tarn Svan, 

 Swedish ; Lebed-chipounn, Russian. 



Figuroe notabiles. 



D'Aubenton, PI. Enl. 913; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 36; Kjserb. Orn. Dan. taf. 44; 

 Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. taf. 152 ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. taf. 46. fig. 2 ; Naumann, Vog. 

 Deutschl. taf. 295 ; Sundevall, Svensk. Fogl. pi. 56. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 354 ; 

 id. B. of G. Brit. v. pi. 8 ; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. pis. 288, 289. 



<3 ad. albus, fronte juxta basin rostri gibbo magno rotundo instructs : rostro rufescenti-luteo, marginibus 

 maxillarum, narium orificio, ungue, cera et gibbo frontab nigris : iride fusca : pedibus nigris. 



2 ad. minor, gibbo minore, collo graciliore. 



Juv. sordide fusco-cinereus nee albus, rostro plumbescenti colorato nee rufescenti-luteo. 



Adult Male. Entire plumage pure white ; beak orange-red, except the base of the mandible, the edges of 

 same, the nail, the orifice of the nostrils, and the large tubercle at the base of the bill, which are black ; 

 legs and feet also black ; the head and neck are frequently tinged with ferruginous ; but this coloration 

 is probably caused by contact with ferruginous-tinged water ; iris brown. Total length about four and 

 a half to five feet, gape 3 - 65 inches, wing 27'0, tail 10 - 0, tarsus 4 - 5. 



Adult Female. Resembles the male, but is somewhat smaller in size, and the tubercle at the base of the 

 bill is smaller. 



Young birds are, after the down plumage, sooty brownish grey ; and this plumage is gradually changed for 

 the white dress, which is assumed when they are about two years old. In the first autumn the cygnet 

 has the beak deep lead-colour, the nostrils, nail, and the marginal line of the upper mandible being 



