433 



CYGNUS MT7SICUS. 



(WHOOPEE, SWAN.) 



Anser cygnus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 288 (1760). 



Anas cygnus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 194 (1766). 



Cygnus musicus, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. iii. p. 830 (1809). 



Cygnus melanorliynclius, Meyer, Tasch. deutsch. Vogelk. ii. p. 498 (1810). 



Cygnus olor, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 211 (1811, nee Gmel.). 



Cygnus ferus, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 126 (1828). 



Cygnus islandicus, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 832 (1831). 



Olor musicus (Bechst.), Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234. 



Cygnus xanthorhinus, J. F. Naum. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 478 (1842). 



Hooper, Whooper, Elk, English; Eala, Gaelic; Cygne sauvage, French; Cisne, Spanish; 

 Zinna, Maltese ; Wildschwan, gelbnasiger Schwan, German ; de wilde Zwaan, Dutch ; 

 Sangsvane, Danish ; Svednur, Fseroese ; Kuksuk, Greenlandic ; Svanur, Alft, Icelandic ; 

 Sangsvane, Norwegian ; Sangsvan, Swedish ; Joutsen, Finnish ; Lebed-krikounn, Bussian. 



Figurce notabiles. 



Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 35 ; Kjserb. Orn. Dan. taf. 44 ; Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. 

 taf. 296 ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. taf. 46. figs. 3, 4 ; Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. taf. 296 ; 

 Sundevall, Svensk. Fogl. pi. 56. fig. 2; Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 355; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. 

 pis. 290, 291. 



Ad. albus, rostri basi et loris flavis, rostri apice nigro, pedibus nigricantibus, iride fusca. 



Juv. capite, collo et corpore supra, pallide cinereo-fuscis, pectore vix pallidiore : abdomine imo sordide albo : 

 pedibus et rostro sordide incarnatis, hujus apice et lateribus nigris. 



Adult Male (Great Britain). Entire plumage pure white, basal portion of the bill yellow, this colour 

 extending along the upper mandible beyond the opening of the nostrils, which are black; anterior 

 portion of the beak black; bare loral space also yellow; iris dark brown; legs blackish. Total length 

 about 5 feet, gape 395 inches, wing 232, tail 8'9, tarsus 43, middle toe with claw 5*2. 



Adult Female. Resembles the male, but is rather smaller in size. 



Young. Head, neck and upper parts dull pale ashy brown, breast and upper abdomen similar, but rather 

 paler, lower abdomen and crissum dull white; beak dull flesh-colour, the tip and lateral mai'gins 

 black ; legs dull flesh-colour. 



Obs. According to Yarrell the internal distinctions of the Whooper are very conspicuous. The cylindrical 

 tube of the trachea or windpipe, he remarks, " passes down the whole length of the long neck of the 

 bird in the usual manner, but descends between the two branches of the forked bone, called the 



