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as the end of February, but usually in March and April, on its passage northward. Thompson 

 says that it visits Ireland occasionally, perhaps regularly, in winter. 



It is said to occur in Greenland ; but it is possible that it is the American species which is 

 found there. Professor Reinhardt says that, " according to accounts received from the Eskimaux, 

 the Swan formerly bred on several places near Godthaab, but was long ago totally exterminated 

 by persecution during the moulting-season (Holboll, Ornith. Bidr. &c. p. 432). In the last 

 fifteen years this bird has again made its appearance in Greenland ; some examples were 

 (according to Holboll) observed at Julianehaab in 1846 ; I have myself seen two specimens, sent 

 from South Greenland in 1852 ; and in June 1859 a beautiful Swan was shot at Attamik, nearly 

 ten (Danish) miles to the north of Godthaab. The Swan may therefore in future again breed 

 in Greenland, if left undisturbed." It is said to be common and resident in Iceland, where it 

 breeds in many parts of the interior. In the winter it congregates in large flocks. 



The Whooper visits the Faeroes in the spring and autumn, remaining there sometimes for a 

 few days ; and it is said to have formerly bred there, but certainly does not do so now. In 

 Scandinavia it is common. Mr. Collett says that it breeds sparingly in the interior of Finmark, 

 as, for instance, on the Tanaelf, at Karasjok, and at Polmak, as also on the Pasvigelf ; but it is 

 doubtful if it nests in Norway below the arctic circle. It is met with in the southern and 

 western districts on passage, and winters on the coast as well as in open places in the interior. 

 As a rule, it nests only in Northern Sweden ; yet Nilsson says that it has been shot in Wermland 

 during the breeding-season. It is numerous throughout Southern Sweden on passage ; and some 

 remain to winter there, though most pass further south at the approach of winter. Westerlund 

 says that it nests in Sweden as far south as the Takern lake and Skane ; but Meves believes that 

 he has mistaken Cygnus olor for this species. 



In Finnish Lapland and in Northern Finland the Whooper nests in many localities ; and 

 Dr. Palmen gives (Finl. Fogl. ii. p. 811) detailed notes respecting its breeding-range in those 

 countries. It is doubtful if it nests in Muonioniska ; but it certainly does so in Sodankyla and 

 Kittila. It breeds also in Tornea, Kuusamo, Pudasjarvi, Ija, on Karlon near Uleaborg, inland, 

 also in the Hyrynsalmi and Puolanko parishes, sparingly in Paltamo, and also in Northern 

 Savolax near Irykka bruk, in 63° 45' N. lat. ; and Aschan was told that it occurs during the 

 breeding-season in Iisalmi parish, but it no longer nests in the Kuopio district. Arthur von 

 Nordmann records it as breeding in considerable numbers in Northern Karelen ; Malmberg met 

 with it in Ilomants ; and the peasants assured Backman that in Eastern Finland it nests as far 

 south as the Suojarvi parish in 62°-62^° N. lat. Otherwise it is found on passage throughout 

 Finland. In Russia it is common in the northern district. Sahlberg says that it breeds on the 

 lakes north of Povanetz in Eussian Karelen ; and Kessler saw newly hatched young birds on 

 the Aschebska lake in the Olonetz Government. Sabanaeff informs me that it breeds in the 

 Jaroslaf, Tver, and Kostroma Governments, and that, according to Bogdanoff, it is numerous on 

 the Central Volga. Sabanaeff also found it abundant on the lakes of the Severtsk Ural during 

 passage ; and Artzibascheff says that it is common on the Sarpa. It breeding-range extends far 

 north. It is stated to nest regularly in the northern portions of the Archangel Government ; 

 and Von Heuglin records it as occurring on the island of Novaya Zemlya. 



Messrs. Seebohm and Harvie-Brown, who met with this Swan on the Petchora river, write 



