53, 



seasons of migration. Savi records it as found in Tuscany from the autumn to the spring ; 

 Doderlein as very abundant about Modena and in Sicily ; and Salvadori as tolerably numerous 

 in Sardinia, where it occurs throughout the winter. Mr. C. A. Wright states that it is occa- 

 sionally found in Malta during the winter season. Lindermayer writes that it occurs in Greece, 

 though not in flocks, and he did not observe it on the islands. Lord Lilford, however, records it 

 from the Ionian Islands as " tolerably common in winter, but very wary, and difficult to kill." 

 In Western Greece Mr. Hudlestone found it very rare. In Southern Germany it but rarely 

 breeds, being met with seldom, except on passage. In a note just to hand from the Ritter von 

 Tschusi Schmidhofen, he informs me that " it breeds in Bohemia on the Kestran and Nakri 

 ponds, not far from Frauenberg, but only visits Mahren (Moravia) and Silesia during migration ; 

 and the same may be said as regards most other portions of the Austrian Empire, where it 

 seldom breeds." 



In Turkey and on the Black Sea it is found during winter. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley 

 state that it remains in Bulgaria till the end of April. Mr. G. C. Taylor found it abundant near 

 Ismid. Von Nordmann records it from Southern Russia during the winter; and Menetries 

 during the same season at Bakou, on the Caspian. Canon Tristram found it on the brook 

 Kedron, in Palestine ; and Mr. C. W. Wyatt at Wady Gharandel, in the peninsula of Sinai. 

 It winters in Africa ; and Captain Shelley found it " very abundant in Lower Egypt and the 

 Fayoom, but much less common on the Nile, above Cairo. It may usually be met with in large 

 flocks on the lakes, or feeding in company with other kinds of ducks, along the banks of the 

 canals, and more rarely in the small pools." In Algeria, according to Loche, it arrives in the 

 winter, and remains only till the end of February. Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., observed it during 

 the winter; and Mr. Taczanowski saw it in the markets of Ajmokra and Constantine. It does 

 not appear to have occurred on the Azores or the Canaries. 



To the eastward it is met with throughout Siberia to Japan, and down to Ceylon. Messrs. 

 Dickson and Ross procured it in April at Erzeroom ; but it does not seem to breed so far south. 

 Dr. Leith Adams found it common on the lakes of Cashmere during the winter season ; and 

 Dr. Jerdon states the same as regards India in general. Major Irby met with it in Oudh and 

 Kumaon in large flocks ; and Captain Beavan speaks of it as " abundant about Umballah, but 

 not observed in Lower Bengal ; " but, on the other hand, Mr. Blyth gives it as " common in 

 Lower Bengal during the cold season ; but I have never heard before of its staying to breed 

 south of the Himalayas." Both Dr. Hartlaub and Mr. Holdsworth record it from Ceylon, 

 which appears to be the most southern locality from which it has been noted in Asia. In 

 Northern Asia it extends, however, very high. Von Middendorff states that it " breeds on the 

 Boganida. On the 23rd of July the young were large, but still covered with down. On the 

 12th of August some young birds had not got their wing-feathers. We shot the last on the 

 27th of August. On the 26th of April the Pintails were on passage on the Stanowoi mountains, 

 and were not seen again." According to Von Schrenck " the Pintail appears rarer on the Amoor 

 than the other ducks. We have an adult bird procured by Mr. Maack at the source of the 

 Amoor, near Nertschinsk, on the 12th of May, a male in full plumage agreeing exactly with the 

 European bird. Mr. Maack found young birds in down of this species on the Southern Amoor, 

 near the mouth of the Ssungari, on the 18th of July;" and Dr. G. Radde speaks of it as " one 



