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It is tolerably abundant in Sweden, breeding in the northern districts ; but occasionally a pair 

 or two are said to remain to breed in Smaland. Nilsson says that it is common near Gothenburg, 

 on passage, in September and October and in March and April. 



It breeds commonly in the north of Finland, and also, though less numerously, in the 

 southern districts. I found it breeding near Uleaborg; and Von Wright says that it nests in 

 Northern Savolax. According to Dr. Palmen it possibly breeds near Nyslott. Captain Pfaler 

 states that it nests near St. Michel, and Mr. Knorring met with it on Ilmarijarvi, in Ylajarvi 

 Kapell, near Nasijarvi. Sandberg met with it, though not commonly, in Kankaanpaa, where it 

 certainly bred in 1863. It is uncertain if it nests near Bjorneborg; but it certainly does on a 



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lake at Nagu, near Abo, and near Borga. Ekebom met with it at Esbo ; and it breeds in Wichtis. 



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Bergstrand records it from Aland; and Mr. Sievers found it breeding numerously in 1872 on the 

 bare cliffs around Klafskar. It arrives in Finland late in April or early in May, and leaves again 

 late in September or early in October. 



In Russia it is very common in the north ; and I have received many specimens from 

 Archangel. Messrs. Seebohm and Harvie-Brown write (Ibis, 1876, p. 445), "it appeared to be 

 scarce on the Petchora, as far as we could observe. The first was obtained by Seebohm at an 

 island a little below Viski, on the 17th June; and on the 19th Harvie-Brown shot another on 

 the island opposite Kuya. These were the only specimens procured ; and not more than one or 

 two others were identified." In Central Russia it is generally distributed. Mr. Sabanaeff says 

 that it breeds throughout the Perm Government, but is only found on the steppe lakes on passage. 

 In the Northern Ural and on the south-western slope it is very numerous. According to Artzi- 

 bascheff it is common on the Sarpa, where it doubtless breeds. Mr. Taczanowski speaks of it as 

 being common, on passage, in Poland ; but it does not remain to breed there. In North Germany, 

 however, it has been found nesting in several localities. Herr E. F. von Homeyer says (J. f. O. 

 1872, p. 338) that it used to breed regularly in Pomerania, on a floating island in the Leba lake ; 

 but this island was carried away by the ice, and he does not know whither they resorted for 

 nidification after the destruction of their old home. As a rule, it is more frequently found on 

 passage, and in winter, in Germany ; and stragglers only remain to breed. Naumann appears to 

 have been the first to record the fact that the Tufted Duck breeds in some numbers in Meck- 

 lenburg; and it has been subsequently confirmed by Borggreve and others; but it is doubtful if 

 it is found in Silesia in the nesting-season. On passage it is not rare in North Germany. 



It occurs on the coasts of Denmark in larger or smaller flocks, according as the season is 

 severe or mild; and according to Steenstrup its nest was found on the Nors and Nebel lakes, in 

 Thy, on the 3rd July 1834 ; but Mr. Benzon informs me that no one has met with it breeding 

 there since then, although it has been carefully looked for. This last spring (1878) a pair 

 settled down to nest on the Vintappermossen, about three miles from Copenhagen, but were 

 driven off early in May. In cold winters, Mr. Benzon adds, this Duck arrives in considerable 

 numbers from the north. 



In Holland, Belgium, and the North of France this Duck is common in the winter, but it is 

 not often met with far inland. Mr. Sachse informs me that it is very rare in Rhenish Prussia, 

 except on the Rhine itself, where it is not so unfrequently obtained. He shot one on a small 

 pond near Altenkirchen in March 1875 ; and on examining its stomach he found it to contain 

 remains of Dytiscus marginalis. 



