596 



alarum mediis albis : scapularibus albis, extiis nigro marginatis : cauda nigra griseo tincta : hypo- 

 choudriis albis, nigro marginatis, crissi plumis albo et sordide nigro variegatis : rostro nigro : iride et 

 pedibus flavo-aurantiacis, membrana natatoria sordide nigricante, unguibus nigricantibus. 



2 ad. minor : capite et collo superiore saturate rufescenti-fuscis : collo imo et dorso antico cinereis, plumis 

 albido marginatis : dorso reliquo, scapularibus et tectricibus alarum minoribus nigro-fuscis cinereo 

 tinctis : dorso postico et uropygio nigricantibus : remigibus primariis et secundariis intimis nigri- 

 cantibus, reliquis albis : tectricibus alarum majoribus albis, nigro apicatis : corpore subtus albo, hypo- 

 chondriis fusco-cinereis : rostro nigro : iride et pedibus flavis. 



Juv . matri fere similis. 



Adult Male in winter. Head and upper neck black with bottle-green reflections, the feathers on the crown 

 and nape elongated ; a roundish patch at the base of the bill, below and in front of the eye, lower neck, 

 and underparts white ; back, rump, lesser wing-coverts, and edge of the wing velvety black ; primaries 

 and inner secondaries black, rest of the secondaries and centre of the wing pure white ; scapulars white 

 with broad black external margins ; tail black with a greyish tinge ; feathers on the lower flanks also 

 edged with black, and those about the crissum varied white and dull black ; beak black ; iris yellow ; 

 feet orange-yellow, the webs dusky, and the claws brownish black. Total length about 18 inches, 

 culmen l - 4, wing 8'8, tail 3'8, tarsus 1*55. 



Adult Female (Christiania). Head and upper neck deep rich brown; lower neck and the sides of the fore 

 part of the back deep slate-grey with rather lighter tips to the feathers ; upper parts otherwise black 

 with a greyish tinge; tail washed with grey; primaries and inner secondaries black with a faint 

 brownish tinge, rest of the secondaries white ; wing-coverts black, variegated with white ; underparts 

 white, the flanks greyish brown ; bill blackish ; iris and feet yellow. In some of the females the tip 

 of the bill, except the nail, is yellow, but in most this is not the case. Culmen l - 35 inch, wing 7'7, 

 tail 3-3, tarsus 1-42. 



Young Male (near Archangel). Resembles the female above described, but has rather more white on the 

 wings. 



Nestling (Ural, 17th June). Crown, sides of the head, nape, and upper parts deep brown, marked with a 

 white spot on each side by the wings, and one on each side of the rump ; chin and upper throat white, 

 lower throat greyish brown ; rest of the underparts white, marked with greyish brown on each side of 

 the anal portion ; the entire body covered with close, short clown. 



Adult Male in summer plumage {fide Palmen, Finl. Fogl. ii. p. 469) . Like almost all other Ducks the 

 present species has a distinct summer plumage which is worn by the male only for a short time; and 

 so difficult is it to obtain the bird in this dress that I have been obliged to translate the description 

 given by Dr. Palmen of one shot at Haminanlaks by Mr. J. von Wright on the 10th September, 1847, 

 as follows : — " Iris, legs, bill, wings, and tail as in the winter plumage ; head and upper neck dark 

 greyish brown with a yellowish tinge, there being only the slightest trace of the white spot at the base 

 of the bill ; rest of the neck and sides of the crop ashy grey with an ochreous tinge, especially on the 

 neck; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey with an ochreous tinge, especially on the light edges ; the feathers on 

 the side of the crop are darker at the base, but some have whitish grey points from which a light streak 

 along the shaft divides the dark coloration ; fore part of the back and shoulders similarly coloured ; 



