598 



for, he says, he has " seen a female and four young birds upon the loch of Belmont, from which 

 locality eggs have been brought closely resembling the specimens figured by Mr. Hewitson." 



Thompson speaks of it as being a regular winter visitant to the coast and inland waters of 

 Ireland. He has not known it to arrive earlier than the 5th of October ; but it remains late, 

 occasionally until May, and in 1840 a couple were still frequenting Belfast Bay on the 1st 

 of June. 



In Greenland and Iceland it is replaced by Clangula islandica ; but it occurs in the Fseroes, 

 though Mr. H. C. Miiller states that it is very rare, and he only records one instance of its 

 capture, on the 12th March, 1858. It is, however, numerous in Scandinavia, and, Mr. Collett 

 informs me, is generally distributed in all parts of Norway from 58° to 71° N. lat. ; and, as is the 

 case with most of the diving Ducks, it breeds commonly in all the northern parts of that country 

 on the rivers and lakes, but never on the sea-coast. In the southern districts it is scarcer, and 

 during the summer is exclusively found on the high mountains, and, as a rule, never in the low- 

 lands, except during passage. In winter it is met with in a few open parts in the interior and 

 on the coast ; but most of those which breed there migrate southward in the winter. Professor 

 Nilsson says that it is found throughout Sweden, but more numerously in the north than in the 

 southern districts, though it breeds as far south as Skane. Its true habitat during the breeding- 

 season is, he says, from 62° to 68° N. lat. Though most of those which breed in the north 

 migrate southward in the late autumn, many are found during the coldest winters in Central 

 and Southern Sweden, and near Stockholm it is found in tolerable numbers every winter. When 

 at Gothenburg during a very severe winter some years ago, I found it the most numerous of the 

 living Ducks which were exposed for sale in the market, and was told that it is a very common 

 winter resident. In Finland it breeds, as in Sweden, in considerable numbers, in the extreme 

 north, and here and there throughout the country ; but, according to Dr. Palmen, it arrives late 

 in March or early in April, and leaves late in October or early in November, not remaining 

 throughout the winter, being probably unable to find open water, except in mild winters. 



It is common in the Archangel Government, in Northern Russia ; but Mr. Sabanaeff says 

 that it is somewhat rare in Central Russia, but breeds in tolerable numbers in the Jaroslaf and 

 Kostroma Governments, and is numerous in the north and north-east of Russia. In the Ural 

 he found it breeding in the Perm Government, but only saw it on the lakes in the steppes 

 during passage. 



According to Baron von Droste, it breeds here and there in Courland and Livonia, Pome- 

 rania, Prussia, and Mecklenburg, but not anywhere in Western Germany ; and Borggreve writes 

 that he " observed at least six pairs during the breeding-season on the Werbellin lake, near the 

 Joachimsthal, in Mark Brandenburg, and found a nest, in which the female was incubating, in a 

 hollow lime tree, about twenty feet above the ground. A friend of his gave a similar report 

 from Stargard. Kjserbolling states that it is one of the commonest Ducks in Denmark during 

 the winter, and that, according to Boje, it has been known to breed in Holstein; and in Holland 

 it is only known as a winter visitant, and is also at that season of the year common on the 

 island of Borkum, where, Baron von Droste says, it frequents the sea-coast. In Belgium and 

 France it is common during the two seasons of passage, and is also met with in the winter ; but 



