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June 1849 ; and I saw a male that was killed on the sea near Thorshavn in the beginning of 

 June 1872." In Scandinavia it is a tolerably common species. Mr. R. Collett informs me that 

 in Norway it breeds commonly above the arctic circle, especially in the interior, up to the 

 Russian frontier. On the small sheets of water in the southern fells it is rarer, but breeds on 

 the Dovre, in the Hallingdalsfjelds, in the Jotunfjeld, and in Valders. During passage and in 

 the winter season it is found in large flocks on all the fiords along the coast ; and though most 

 leave the country for the winter, yet in some seasons large flocks remain throughout the winter 

 near Christiania. Nilsson states that it is very common during summer in the northern portions 

 of Sweden and Lapland, and in the southern portions during winter. It arrives in Sodermanland 

 late in September, and in November and December is numerous off the coasts of Skane, remaining 

 there till the spring. Dr. Palmen says that it is found breeding regularly only in the fells of 

 Finnish Lapland ; but during passage and in winter it is common on the coasts. Malm states 

 that it is occasionally found during summer in Enare Lappmark ; Dr. Palmen adds that it breeds 

 annually in the fell districts between Enontekis and Finmark ; and Von Wright found it numerous 

 in June near Karesuvanto. In Northern Russia it is numerous, and breeds commonly in the 

 more northern portions. Kessler says that it remains in the open bays of Onega during the 

 winter, especially in that of Svjatuch, which never freezes up. Near Archangel it breeds not 

 uncommonly ; and Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Seebohm found it numerous on the Petchora. It 

 is said by Von Heuglin to be the commonest species of Duck in Novaya Zemlya and Waigats 

 Island, and was met with in countless flocks in the shallow rivers and on the coast, as also on 

 inland lakes and brackish waters. The old birds, he says, moult in August ; and he met with 

 half-fledged young as late as September. 



Professor Malmgren says (Ofv. K. V. Ak. Forh. 1863, p. 108) that it is found sparingly on 

 the coasts of Spitsbergen, and breeds at the small freshwater ponds which are not unfrequently 

 found on the low flat islands. Whilst at anchor in Kobbe Bay, in 79° 14', a pair were seen on 

 the 28th May ; and he found a female frequenting a small swamp on the Depot Island, in 

 80° N. lat. Mr. Sabaniieff informs me that it is found, though rarely, in Central Russia during 

 passage, and is occasionally found nesting on the banks of rivers in the Jaroslaf Government. 

 He found it common on the Ural, and believes that it breeds on the borders of the lakes in the 

 district of Shadrinsk. All along the Baltic coast it is numerous. During the winter it is, 

 Borggreve says, the commonest Duck ; and I have seen vast flocks on the coasts of Pomerania 

 and the Baltic provinces when travelling there during the winter season. Kjeerbolling says that 

 it is very common on the coasts of Denmark during winter, but leaves in the spring, though 

 stragglers have been obtained as late as May. Mr. Labouchere informs me that it only visits 

 the coast of Holland in small numbers during passage and in winter ; and it visits the northern 

 coasts of Belgium and France during severe winters, but rarely reaches the southern coasts of 

 the latter country, only two or three instances of its occurrence near Nimes and Hyeres being 

 known during many years. It is not recorded from Spain, and is extremely rare on the Italian 

 coast. Two captures in Lombardy and one in Tuscany are recorded ; but it is not known to have 

 been met with in Sicily or Sardinia, nor has it been found in Greece or Turkey. In Southern 

 Germany it is found as a rare straggler during exceptionally severe winters. Dr. A. Fritsch 

 states (J. f. 0. 1872, p. 371) that several individuals were obtained on the lakes of Chumetz in 



