686 



intimis et cauda cserulescenti-cinereis vel schistaceo-cinereis, plumis centraliter nigro-fuscis : remigibus 

 primariis nigris cinereo tinctis, secundariis albis ad basin nigris : corpore subtiis albo, hypochondriis 

 vix cinereo notatis : rostro, iride et pedibus ut in mare coloratis, sed paullo sordidioribus. 



Adult Male (Archangel). Head and upper part of the neck blacky glossed with bottle-green, the occipital 

 feathers elongated ; lower part of the neck and upper part of the back white, the latter marked with 

 black ; back and scapulars glossy black, with a purplish tinge, lower part of the back, rump, upper tail- 

 coverts, and tail dark ashy, the tail darkest, the shafts of the feathers blackish brown, and the centre of 

 the feather darker; primaries black, with an ashy tinge; secondaries white, with a narrow black 

 edging, the innermost secondaries glossy black, like the scapulars ; primary-coverts blackish grey, the 

 edge and the base of the wing being also blackish grey varied with white ; rest of the wing-coverts pure 

 white ; underparts white, on the breast and abdomen tinged with warm reddish buff; under tail-coverts 

 washed with grey ; bill deep vermilion-red, the ridge of the upper mandible and the tooth blackish ; 

 iris deep reddish brown; legs vermilion-red. Total length about 25 inches, culmen 2*4, gape 30, 

 wing ll - 0, tail 5 - 0, tarsus T9. 



Adult Female (Cookham, Berks, December) . Crown, nape, sides of the head, and upper neck (except the 

 chin and a space down the front of the neck for a short distance) deep rusty, darker on the crown and 

 nape ; feathers on the crown and nape much elongated, forming a crest ; hind neck and upper parts 

 generally, including the inner secondaries, scapulars, and wing-coverts ashy slate-grey, many of the 

 feathers with dark shafts; primaries black, with a greyish tinge; secondaries white, with only the 

 concealed base of the feathers black; tail coloured like the back; chin, lower neck, and underparts 

 white, on the flanks slightly marked with light slate-grey ; soft parts as in the male, but not quite so 

 brightly coloured. Culmen 2 - 2, gape 2 - 5, wing 100, tail 4'6, tarsus l - 75. 



I'oung. The immature birds resemble the female very closely, but have the crest much less developed, and 

 the head is not so richly coloured ; the colour of the upper parts is also duller, and not of the clear 

 light slate-grey or blue-grey tinge that pervades this part of the plumage of the old female. 



Old Male in summer dress. Like almost all the Ducks, the old male Goosander assumes after the pairing- 

 season a dress which may be termed its summer plumage, which is worn but a short time and is 

 therefore comparatively little known. I do not possess a specimen in this dress to describe, and there- 

 fore translate Naumann's careful description (Vog. Deutschl. xii. p. 364) as follows : — " Resembles the 

 young male; the nape is furnished with a full, almost double, crest; upper part of the head and hind 

 neck dark brown, the sides of the head and neck rust-brown, becoming white on the throat ; lores and 

 a somewhat indistinct ring below the brown on the neck, and dividing it from the white, blackish 

 brown; the lower fore part of the neck pure white, the corresponding part on the hind neck slate-grey; 

 breast light slate-grey, marked with white; flank-feathers slate- grey, edged with bluish white, and 

 indistinctly marked with black making irregular wave-lines; rest of the underparts white with a 

 yellowish red tinge ; upper parts of the back and shoulders slate-black, lower back and rump lighter, or 

 only slate-grey ; tail slate-black ; upper edge of the wing and basal portion greyish black ; entire wing- 

 coverts and speculum white ; the three next feathers to those forming the latter white on the outer 

 web, and margined with black; the last of the tertiaries light slate-grey, the shafts and an edging 

 black ; primaries and the three outer secondaries black. 



The range of the Goosander is very extensive, as it occurs throughout the entire Palasarctic and 

 Nearctic Eegions, passing the summer in the north and migrating southward during the winter. 

 With us in Great Britain it occurs chiefly during the winter season, and is more frequently 



