Throughout North Germany generally, especially on the large rivers, it is tolerably common 

 during the winter season in suitable localities. Tobias writes (J. f. O. 1853, p. 218) that it is 

 sometimes seen in Ober-Lausitz during the summer season also. On the Dutch coast, Mr. 

 Labouchere informs me, it is found in large numbers during the winter; and Baron von Droste 

 Hiilshoff says that it often occurs on the coast of East Friesland, and is most numerous after the 

 February and March gales, but is not seen during mild winters, nor has it ever, to his know- 

 ledge, been observed between April and November. Kjserbolling speaks of it as being very 

 common on the coasts of Denmark in winter. Boje found it in Holstein breeding in old Crows' 

 nests; and Faber caught a female on her eggs at Christianshavn. It also breeds on Veiro, 

 Samso, Hirtsholmen, as well as on several other islands. Mr. Petersen met the old bird with 

 small young on Egholm, in the Great Belt, on the 18th July, 1847. In Belgium it is rarer 

 than the Goosander, and is said to be but rarely met with on the inland waters ; and in France 

 it is, according to Degland and Gerbe, met with on the northern coasts during the winter, being 

 less numerous there also than the Goosander ; but in Provence and Southern France it is far the 

 more numerous species ; and Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye say that they cannot under- 

 stand Crespon's assertion to the contrary. In Portugal it is said by Professor Barboza du Bocage 

 to be " common " during winter, and it is likewise met with in Spain at that season of the year. 

 Colonel Irby informs me that in some winters (as, for instance, that of 1871-72) it is very common 

 in the Bay of Gibraltar, the earliest being seen about the beginning of December, and the last 

 about the end of January ; and he remarks that he never met with an adult male. Mr. Howard 

 Saunders also writes (Ibis, 1871, p. 397) that it is found in Southern Spain during the winter, 

 especially at the Albufera. 



To Savoy it is a comparatively rare visitor ; but in Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia it is abundant 

 in immature plumage during the winter season; and Mr. A. B. Brooke also refers to it (Ibis, 

 1 873, p. 345) as being " common in winter in Sardinia." In Malta, Mr. C. A. Wright writes 

 (Ibis, 1864, p. 156), " it is a well-known bird here, but is much rarer in some years than in others. 

 It arrives in November; but I have seen it oftenest in December and January, when both 

 immature and, very rarely, adult birds are met with." Lord Lilford found it not uncommon in 

 winter in Epirus, Albania, and Corfu ; and both Von der Muhle and Lindermayer speak of it as 

 being a winter visitant to Greece, where, according to the former, it is rarer than the Goosander ; 

 and the latter says that it only visits Greece for a few days during the winter (when it is met 

 with on the lakes and bays), is rare in the Peloponnesus, and is never met with on the shores of 

 the iEgean Sea. 



In Southern Germany it is met with sparingly during the winter ; and the late Mr. Seiden- 

 sacher informed me that he sometimes observed it at Cilli during midwinter. In Bohemia, 

 according to Fritsch (J. f. O. 1872, p. 372), it is rarer than the Goosander, old males being very 

 rarely met with ; and he only cites one occurrence of an adult male, obtained by Mr. Lokaj at 

 Rumburg. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley met with it not uncommonly on the Turkish coasts 

 during winter; and Von Nordmann speaks of it as being tolerably numerous during severe 

 weather on the coast of South Kussia. Canon Tristram met with it commonly on the coast of 

 Palestine ; and Mr. C. W. Wyatt obtained it at Ain Musa, on the Sinaitic peninsula. But it 

 is, Von Heuglin says, one of the rarest stragglers to North-east Africa ; he himself never saw 



