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Dr. Anton Fritsch (J. f. O. 1872, p. 372) says that females and immature birds are to be seen 

 every winter in the markets of Southern Germany ; and Von Nordmann speaks of it as common 

 on the coasts of the Black Sea, in Southern Kussia, during severe winters. It doubtless occurs 

 in winter in Asia Minor ; and Canon Tristram (Ibis, 1868, p. 328) says that he once obtained it 

 tm the coast of Palestine. I cannot find any instance of its occurrence in North-eastern Africa, 

 though it is found in the north-western portion. Loche says that it is a rare and irregular 

 winter visitant to Algeria during severe seasons; and Colonel Irby records its occurrence at 

 Tangier, where, he tells me, only immature examples have been met with. 



To the eastward it is found through Siberia to Northern China and Japan. Severtzoff 

 (Turk. Jevot. p. 70) says that it visits Turkestan in the winter, but leaves early in the spring. 

 It occurs throughout that country, excepting in the south-eastern districts, and is met with as 

 high as 4000 feet in the lakes in the mountains. Both Dr. Badde and Dr. L. von Schrenck 

 record it from Eastern Siberia; and the former says (Reis. im Sud. von Ost-Sib. p. 379) that 

 " as early as March small flocks were seen at Tarei-nor, the freshwater lakes near Kulussutajeffsk 

 being then covered with ice. In the Bureja Mountains I saw the first flock on the evening of 

 the 25th March, and the second on the 2nd April. They remain here for long during migra- 

 tion, but seldom breed in South-eastern Siberia. On the 12th May I saw some old males in full 

 breeding-plumage on the Irkut." Dr. von Schrenck writes (Reise Amurl. p. 486), "it appears 

 to be rare in the Amoor district. I obtained one specimen in autumn 1854, the 2nd [14th] 

 October, on a small lake near the Nikolaieffsk post. Later on, when this river was covered with 

 ice, I saw another flock swimming about on a small unfrozen portion of the river ; they do not 

 leave these places until all the water is covered with ice. On the Upper Amoor I oftener met 

 with this species, sometimes in flocks, and sometimes alone. I shot one on the 12th [24 th] 

 September in the neighbourhood of Albasin, and on the 18th [30th] September one near the 

 mouth of the Oldoi ; both specimens were in immature plumage." Dr. Dybowski says (J. f. O. 

 1868, p. 339) that it occurs near Darasun, in Dauria, during migration. Pere David speaks of 

 it as being abundant in North China; and Mr. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416) states that it is 

 " common on the Yangtsze in winter ;" and he also records it from Talien Bay, and as being 

 abundant in the markets during the winter season. Messrs. Temminck and Schlegel say that it 

 is frequently obtained in Japan, and that their collectors killed numbers there. It ranges during 

 the cold weather down into Northern India; and, according to Dr. Jerdon (B. of India, ii. 

 p. 819), " it has been killed near Cuttack, in Oude, is said not to be rare near Delhi, and has 

 been met with in Sindh." Col. Irby (Ibis, 1861, p. 251) says that it is occasionally seen in 

 Oudh and Kumaon in January and February in small flocks of from three to seven individuals ; 

 and Mr. A. O. Hume (Stray Feathers, i. p. 265) speaks of it as being " as rare in Sindh as it is 

 elsewhere in Upper India. I saw one party on the banks of the Jhelum, near Jung, and shot a 

 specimen, a young male ; and I saw it again on the banks of the Indus, near Kussmore ; and, 

 lastly, I saw several parties on the Muncher Lake. These were the only occasions on which I 

 met with it, though the black and white plumage of the male is so conspicuous that the bird 

 can never be overlooked." It is said to have occurred in America; but it appears doubtful if it 

 should be included in the fauna of that country. Professor Baird says (B. of N. Am. p. 817) 

 that "its existence in America is based upon a female bird found at New Orleans by Mr, 



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